Table 1 Clinical, anthropometric, and fasting biochemical characteristics of participants based on BMI and bariatric surgery status

n

44

49

63

26

26

Age (years)

32.07 ± 1.2

31.56 ± 1.4

39.93 ± 1.7***^####

54.50 ± 3.41

54.50 ± 3.41

BMI (Kg/m²)

22.14 ± 0.7

27.30 ± 0.8****

36.35 ± 1.0****^####

42.21 ± 3.24

36.70 ± 3.14⁺⁺⁺⁺

Glucose (mmol/l)

3.58 ± 0.1

3.63 ± 0.1

5.92 ± 0.4****^####

9.22 ± 1.57

6.96 ± 0.83⁺⁺⁺⁺

LDL (mmol/l)

4.56 ± 0.2

4.46 ± 0.2

3.82 ± 0.2**^#

3.08 ± 0.54

2.67 ± 0.40⁺

HDL (mmol/l)

1.74 ± 0.1

1.53 ± 0.1

1.35 ± 0.1****

1.08 ± 0.16

1.04 ± 0.18

TGs (mmol/l)

3.11 ± 0.2

3.26 ± 0.1

2.65 ± 0.2^#

1.83 ± 0.65

1.39 ± 0.40⁺

Insulin (pmol/l)

39.79 ± 4.3

64.58 ± 6.3*

62.97 ± 5.9*

31.90 ± 11.26

17.16 ± 5.49⁺⁺⁺⁺