Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants
Characteristics | All participants (n = 481) | Group A Intervention group (HIV-positive, n = 160) | Group B Control group (HIV-positive, n = 168) | Group C Control group (HIV-negative, n = 154) | Difference between groups A and B, P-value** | Difference between groups A and C, P-value** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child’s sex, female, n (%) | 222 | 46.1 | 78 | 51.3 | 80 | 45.5 | 64 | 41.6 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
Child’s age, mean (SD) | 10.8 | 3.0 | 10.7 | 3.1 | 10.9 | 2.9 | 10.6 | 2.9 | 0.75 | 0.59 |
< 6 years old, n (%) | 30 | 6.2 | 7 | 4.4 | 9 | 5.4 | 11 | 7.1 | ||
6–8 years old, n (%) | 83 | 17.3 | 30 | 18.8 | 27 | 16.1 | 26 | 16.9 | ||
9–12 years old, n (%) | 215 | 44.7 | 65 | 40.6 | 78 | 46.4 | 72 | 46.8 | ||
13–15 years old, n (%) | 154 | 32.0 | 55 | 34.4 | 54 | 32.1 | 45.0 | 29.2 | ||
Dentition type | 0.74 | 0.02 | ||||||||
Permanent teeth, n (%) | 189 | 39.2 | 71 | 44.4 | 69 | 41.1 | 49 | 31.8 | ||
Mixed dentition, n (%) | 263 | 54.6 | 77 | 48.1 | 88 | 52.4 | 98 | 63.6 | ||
Deciduous teeth, n (%) | 30 | 6.2 | 12 | 7.5 | 11 | 6.5 | 7 | 4.5 | ||
Child’s overall health status | ||||||||||
Viral load detecteda, n (%) | 104 | 31.7 | 47 | 30.9 | 57 | 32.4 | n/a | n/a | 0.86 | n/a |
Height for age in z-score, mean (SD) | − 2.0 | 1.4 | − 2.0 | 1.4 | − 1.8 | 1.4 | − 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.51 | 0.09 |
BMI for age in z-score, mean (SD) | − 0.9 | 1.2 | − 1.1 | 1.1 | − 0.9 | 1.2 | − 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.59 | 0.10 |
Overall health-related quality of life, mean (SD) | 80.0 | 10.5 | 79.8 | 11.6 | 80.1 | 10.2 | 80.2 | 9.7 | 0.90 | 0.49 |
Child’s oral hygiene status | ||||||||||
Oral health-related quality of life, mean (SD) | 12.0 | 7.3 | 11.8 | 7.6 | 11.9 | 7.2 | 12.2 | 7.1 | 0.90 | 0.62 |
Decayed, missing, filled teeth, mean (SD)** | ||||||||||
DMFT/dmft (total teeth) (n = 481) | 8.0 | 4.8 | 8.1 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 5.1 | 8.2 | 4.7 | 0.70 | 0.23 |
Permanent teeth (n = 451) | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 0.71 | 0.27 |
Deciduous teeth (n = 292) | 7.1 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 0.08 | 0.46 |
Salivary pH, mean (SD) | 6.1 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 6.2 | 0.4 | 0.35 | 0.04 |
Salivary flow quantity/3 min, mean (SD) | 2.7 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.39 | < 0.01 |
Debris index, mean (SD) | 2.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.62 | 0.09 |
Oral mucosal lesions | ||||||||||
Have oral mucosal lesions | 63 | 13.1 | 26 | 16.3 | 27 | 16.1 | n/a | n/a | 0.97 | n/a |
Abscess | 54 | 11.2 | 26 | 16.3 | 23 | 13.7 | n/a | n/a | ||
Ulceration | 5 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.6 | 3 | 1.8 | n/a | n/a | ||
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis | 4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | n/a | n/a | ||
Child’s oral care behavior | ||||||||||
Dental visit within the last 12 months due to pain or trouble with teeth (n = 451), n (%) | 99 | 22.0 | 41 | 29.1 | 34 | 20.4 | 24 | 16.8 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Frequency of tooth brushing per day (n = 452), n (%) | 0.15 | 0.05 | ||||||||
Three times or more | 115 | 25.4 | 41 | 27.5 | 40 | 25.0 | 34 | 23.8 | ||
Twice a day | 133 | 29.4 | 47 | 31.5 | 48 | 30.0 | 38 | 26.6 | ||
Once a day or less | 93 | 20.5 | 34 | 22.8 | 38 | 23.8 | 21 | 14.7 | ||
Never clean teeth | 111 | 24.6 | 27 | 18.1 | 34 | 21.3 | 50 | 35.0 | ||
Duration of tooth brushing (n = 424), n (%) | 0.44 | 0.09 | ||||||||
≤ 1 min | 118 | 27.8 | 48 | 36.7 | 40 | 25.4 | 30 | 22.2 | ||
2 min | 99 | 23.3 | 25 | 19.1 | 37 | 23.4 | 37 | 27.4 | ||
≥ 3 min | 207 | 48.8 | 58 | 44.3 | 81 | 51.3 | 68 | 50.3 | ||
Caregivers’ support in tooth brushing (n = 439), n (%) | 0.69 | 0.04 | ||||||||
Caregivers brushed the children’s teeth or watched/advised while children were brushing | 27 | 6.1 | 13 | 9.6 | 11 | 6.1 | 3 | 2.2 | ||
Caregivers never cared about tooth brushing | 412 | 93.8 | 123 | 90.4 | 153 | 93.3 | 136 | 97.8 | ||
Family wealth index, n (%) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||||
Lowest | 95 | 19.8 | 28 | 17.5 | 52 | 31.0 | 15 | 9.9 | ||
Highest | 93 | 19.4 | 41 | 25.6 | 21 | 12.5 | 31 | 20.4 | ||