Table 1 Characteristics of data in this study

Gut microbiome

Phylum

18,340

European (16 cohorts, N = 13,266),

Middle-Eastern (1 cohort, N = 481),

East Asian (1 cohort, N = 811),

American Hispanic/Latin (1 cohort N = 1097),

African American (1 cohort, N = 114)

multi-ancestry (4 cohorts, N = 2571)

MiBioGen consortium;

www.mibiogen.org;

(PMID:33462485)

The taxa present in more than 10% of the samples were included

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Smoking phenotypes

Age of initiation

341,427

European

GSCAN consortium;

https://doi.org/10.13020/3b1n-ff32;

(PMID:30643251)

1-SD increase in the age of initiation of regular smoking

Smoking initiation

1,232,091

Ever smoked regularly compared with never smoked

Cigarettes per day

337,334

1-SD increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day

Smoking cessation

547,219

Current smokers compared with former smokers

Lifetime smoking

462,690

European

UK Biobank;

https://doi.org/10.5523/bris.10i96zb8gm0j81yz0q6ztei23d;

(PMID: 31689377)

1-SD increase in the lifetime smoking index was scaled to an individual smoking 20 cigarettes a day for 15 years and quitting 17 years ago, or smoking 60 cigarettes a day for 13 years and quitting 22 years ago

Neurotransmitter-associated or bacterial metabolites

Tryptophan

7824

European

Shin’s Lab;

http://metabolomics.helmholtz-muenchen.de/gwas;

(PMID: 24816252)

Amino acid (measured by LC/MS pos)

Tyrosine

Amino acid (measured by LC/MS pos)

Phenylalanine

Amino acid (measured by LC/MS pos)

Glutamate

Amino acid (measured by GC/MS)

Glycine

Amino acid (measured by GC/MS)

Valerate

Short chain fatty acid (measured by LC/MS neg)