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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participantsa

From: The effect of dietary carbohydrate and calorie restriction on weight and metabolic health in overweight/obese individuals: a multi-center randomized controlled trial

Characteristic

NC diet (n = 74)

LC diet (n = 76)

CR diet (n = 72)

LC + CR diet (n = 76)

Female, no. (%)

48 (64.9)

53 (69.7)

52 (72.2)

52 (68.4)

Age, years

35.1 (8.2)

34.2 (7.8)

33.6 (6.4)

33.2 (7.0)

High school education, no. (%)

26 (35.1)

24 (31.6)

28 (38.9)

30 (39.5)

Current cigarette smoking, no. (%)

8 (10.8)

6 (7.9)

8 (11.1)

7 (9.2)

Current alcohol drinking, no. (%)

13 (17.6)

15 (19.7)

10 (13.9)

11 (14.5)

Total energy intake, kcal/day

1841.7 (436.4)

1792.9 (521.6)

1720.0 (449.4)

1783.3 (552.0)

Carbohydrate intake, %

50.3 (6.5)

48.1 (5.0)

50.6 (6.2)

51.7 (10.3)

Protein intake, %

21.3 (4.5)

21.6 (2.9)

18.2 (3.4)

18.2 (4.6)

Fat intake, %

28.3 (2.3)

30.3 (6.7)

30.4 (3.6)

31.0 (4.7)

Weight, kg

79.6 (14.0)

80.2 (14.1)

80.1 (13.1)

83.6 (18.9)

BMI, kg/m2

29.9 (3.9)

30.2 (3.8)

30.3 (3.4)

31.0 (4.7)

Waist circumference, cm

94.2 (10.3)

93.9 (10.0)

95.0 (9.3)

95.6 (13.7)

WHR

0.89 (0.06)

0.89 (0.05)

0.90 (0.06)

0.89 (0.07)

Heart rate, beats/min

77.0 (8.0)

78.7 (8.8)

76.8 (11.2)

76.8 (8.6)

Blood pressure, mmHg

 Systolic

118.4 (12.5)

114.9 (10.8)

115.0 (10.8)

115.5 (12.2)

 Diastolic

75 (16.6)

76.7 (9.2)

79.54 (7.9)

77.9 (7.5)

Plasma glucose, mg/dL

94.3 (9.3)

92.0 (9.8)

93.9 (9.1)

93.8 (8.3)

HOMA-IR

3.6 (2.4)

3.5 (2.6)

3.2 (3.8)

3.7 (2.4)

Serum triglycerides, mg/dL

148.8 (83.1)

135.2 (82.5)

130.5 (94.0)

159.8 (123.3)

Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL

196.2 (36.3)

190.6 (38.4)

198.3 (38.2)

192.3 (36.8)

HDL, mg/dL

47.2 (11.3)

48.4 (13.2)

48.2 (9.6)

45.5 (9.8)

LDL, mg/dL

120.3 (31.4)

115.0 (33.5)

123.5 (31.6)

115.9 (26.8)

ALT, IU/L

27.5 (22.9)

25.2 (16.2)

27.5 (18.7)

29.1 (21.2)

AST, IU/L

21.7 (10.2)

20.1 (7.8)

20.7 (8.6)

20.9 (8.4)

Uric acid, mg/dl

6.7 (1.5)

6.5 (1.6)

6.7 (1.6)

6.8 (1.9)

Body fat, %

34.4 (4.5)

34.6 (5.1)

35.4 (4.3)

34.8 (4.1)

Visceral fat area, cm2

111.5 (40.3)

104.7 (34.5)

10.7 (31.9)

103.9 (45.3)

Body muscle rate, %

59.6 (8.2)

60.7 (8.2)

58.3 (11.5)

61.4 (7.2)

  1. SI conversion factors: to convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; to convert insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945; to convert triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113; to convert total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index (calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (calculated as [ plasma glucose (mmol/L) × serum insulin (mIU/L)]/22.5), HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, WHR Waist to hip ratio (calculated as the ratio of waist to hip circumference)
  3. aData are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated