Skip to main content

Table 4 Effects of dietary intake on cardiovascular risk factors during the 12-week interventiona

From: The effect of dietary carbohydrate and calorie restriction on weight and metabolic health in overweight/obese individuals: a multi-center randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Between-group differences from baseline to week 12

P value of group differences

LC diet vs NC diet

CR diet vs NC diet

LC + CR diet vs NC diet

Changes (95% CIs)

P value

Changes (95% CIs)

P value

Changes (95% CIs)

P value

Plasma glucose, mg/dL

 Week 4

− 0.7 (− 3.4 to 2.1)

0.635

− 2.0 (− 4.8 to 0.9)

0.172

− 3.7 (− 6.5 to − 0.9)

0.01

0.049

 Week 8

− 0.5 (− 3.2 to 2.2)

0.732

− 1.4 (− 4.1 to 1.4)

0.327

− 3.0 (− 5.7 to − 0.3)

0.028

0.128

 Week 12

− 0.7 (− 3.8 to 2.5)

0.679

− 2.5 (− 5.8 to 0.7)

0.119

− 0.6 (− 3.8 to 2.5)

0.702

0.436

HOMA-IR

 Week 4

− 0.9 (− 1.8 to − 0.1)

0.03

− 0.4 (− 1.3 to 0.4)

0.321

− 1.3 (− 2.1 to − 0.4)

0.003

0.016

 Week 8

− 0.5 (− 1.4 to 0.3)

0.219

0.4 (− 0.5 to 1.3)

0.354

− 0.8 (− 1.7 to 0.1)

0.065

0.028

 Week 12

− 0.4 (− 1.3 to 0.4)

0.277

0.2 (− 0.6 to 1.0)

0.587

− 0.6 (− 1.4 to 0.2)

0.174

0.187

Serum triglycerides, mg/dL

 Week 4

10.3 (− 20.8 to 41.5)

0.515

19.8 (− 11.8 to 51.4)

0.219

− 39.4 (− 70.5 to − 8.2)

0.013

0.001

 Week 8

− 8.1 (− 32.6 to 16.5)

0.519

− 1.2 (− 26.1 to 23.7)

0.923

− 44.6 (− 69.2 to − 20.1)

< 0.001

0.001

 Week 12

− 21.9 (− 54.6 to 10.9)

0.19

6.4 (− 39.6 to 26.8)

0.704

− 56.3 (− 89.0 to − 23.5)

< 0.001

0.001

Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL

 Week 4

− 3.6 (− 12.1 to 4.9)

0.406

− 1.1 (− 9.7 to 7.4)

0.794

− 3.8 (− 12.3 to 4.6)

0.375

0.77

 Week 8

− 5.3 (− 63.3 to 52.8)

0.858

49.7 (− 9.2 to 108.5)

0.098

12.0 (− 46.0 to 70.1)

0.684

0.25

 Week 12

10.2 (1.1 to 19.4)

0.029

− 0.4 (− 9.7 to 8.9)

0.937

− 0.3 (− 9.5 to 8.9)

0.948

0.056

HDL-C, mg/dL

 Week 4

− 0.9 (− 3.6 to 1.7)

0.49

− 0.9 (− 3.6 to 1.8)

0.524

0.5 (− 2.2 to 3.1)

0.731

0.674

 Week 8

0.2 (− 2.6 to 3.0)

0.891

0.1 (− 2.8 to 2.9)

0.969

1.1 (− 1.7 to 4.0)

0.426

0.839

 Week 12

3.4 (0.0 to 6.8)

0.048

1.6 (− 1.9 to 5.0)

0.373

2.3 (− 1.1 to 5.7)

0.185

0.249

LDL-C, mg/dL

 Week 4

− 5.5 (− 12.6 to 1.5)

0.124

− 6.6 (− 13.7 to 0.6)

0.073

− 1.4 (− 8.5 to 5.6)

0.693

0.207

 Week 8

− 1.1 (− 8.6 to 6.5)

0.779

− 5.1 (− 12.8 to 2.5)

0.186

2.1 (− 5.4 to 9.7)

0.58

0.294

 Week 12

5.4 (− 2 to 12.9)

0.151

− 5.3 (− 12.9 to 2.2)

0.165

 − 0.3 (− 7.7 to − 7.2)

0.943

0.047

ALT, IU/L

 Week 4

− 3.8 (− 7.8 to 0.1)

0.055

0.1 (− 3.9 to 4.1)

0.952

− 2.3 (− 6.2 to 1.7)

0.257

0.142

 Week 8

− 5.0 (− 9.2 to − 0.7)

0.022

− 3.2 (− 7.4 to 1.1)

0.149

− 7.1 (− 11.3 to − 2.8)

0.001

0.01

 Week 12

− 6.5 (− 11.6 to − 1.4)

0.013

− 2.2 (− 7.4 to 3.0)

0.408

− 7.0 (− 12.1 to − 1.9)

0.007

0.018

AST, IU/L

 Week 4

− 1.1 (− 3.7 to 1.5)

0.394

− 0.3 (− 2.9 to 2.4)

0.851

0.3 (− 2.3 to 2.8)

0.847

0.74

 Week 8

− 0.2 (− 2.8 to 2.4)

0.885

− 0.2 (− 2.9 to 2.5)

0.897

− 0.4 (− 3.1 to − 2.2)

0.743

0.991

 Week 12

− 3.7 (− 6.7 to − 0.7)

0.017

− 1.2 (− 4.2 to 1.9)

0.453

− 2.7 (− 5.7 to 0.3)

0.081

0.083

Uric acid, mg/dL

 Week 4

− 0.3 (− 0.7 to 0.1)

0.116

− 0.3 (− 0.7 to 0.1)

0.199

− 0.4 (− 0.8 to 0)

0.076

0.821

 Week 8

− 0.8 (− 1.2 to − 0.4)

< 0.001

− 0.5 (− 0.9 to − 0.1)

0.02

− 0.6 (− 1.0 to − 0.2)

0.004

0.005

 Week 12

− 0.8 (− 1.2 to − 0.4)

< 0.001

− 0.6 (− 1.0 to − 0.2)

0.003

− 0.8 (− 1.2 to − 0.4)

< .001

0.002

Visceral fat area, cm2

 Week 4

− 5.1 (− 8.6 to 1.6)

0.005

− 3.9 (− 7.5 to 0.4)

0.031

− 8.5 (− 12.0 to 5.0)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 Week 8

− 12.6 (− 16.3 to − 8.8)

< 0.001

− 7.4 (− 11.2 to − 3.6)

< 0.001

− 17.8 (− 21.5 to − 14.0)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

 Week 12

− 14.8 (− 19.3 to − 10.3)

< 0.001

− 8.4 (− 13.0 to − 3.8)

< 0.001

− 21.7 (− 26.2 to − 17.2)

< 0.001

 < 0.001

Body muscle rate, %

 Week 4

1.6 (− 1.0 to 4.3)

0.223

− 1.5 (− 4.3 to 1.1)

0.249

1.9 (− 0 8 to 4.5)

0.165

0.040

 Week 8

1.6 (− 1.7 to 4.8)

0.335

− 1.3 (− 4.6 to 2.0)

0.437

3.5 (0.3 to 6.8)

0.032

0.023

 Week 12

3.8 (1.8 to 5.7)

< 0.001

0.7 (− 1.3 to 2.80)

0.475

3.3 (1.3 to 5.2)

0.001

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index (calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (calculated as [ plasma glucose (mmol/L) × serum insulin (mIU/L)]/22.5), HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, WHR Waist to hip ratio (calculated as the ratio of waist to hip circumference)
  2. aData are presented as mean (95%CIs)