Table 1 Age-adjusted characteristics of participants based on 8-year changes (1986–1994) in the flavodiet score (servings/week)
From: Change in habitual intakes of flavonoid-rich foods and mortality in US males and females
| Â | Decrease in flavodiet score (servings/week) | Â | Increase in flavodiet score (servings/week) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ≥ 7 | 4–6.9 | 1–3.9 | Reference (< 1) | 1–3.9 | 4–6.9 | ≥ 7 |
Nurses’ Health Study | |||||||
 No. of participants | 6,986 | 4,511 | 8,655 | 11,567 | 9,830 | 5,458 | 8,779 |
 Age (years) | 60.3 (7.0) | 60.4 (7.0) | 60.1 (7.1) | 59.9 (7.1) | 60.2 (7.1) | 60.1 (7.1) | 60.2 (7.1) |
 Initial alcohol intake (g/day) | 6.4 (11.2) | 6.8 (11.2) | 6.3 (10.5) | 6.5 (11.3) | 6.0 (10.2) | 5.7 (9.7) | 5.6 (9.8) |
 Change in alcohol intake (g/day) |  − 1.7 (8.1) |  − 1.5 (8.5) |  − 1.3 (7.6) |  − 1.4 (7.9) |  − 1.0 (7.6) |  − 0.9 (7.1) |  − 0.6 (8.0) |
 Initial physical activity (MET h/week) | 15.3 (22.3) | 15.4 (20.7) | 14.4 (20.3) | 12.8 (18.5) | 13.5 (17.7) | 14.9 (22.2) | 14.6 (21.0) |
 Change in physical activity (MET h/week) | 4.4 (27.4) | 4.3 (26.2) | 4.9 (25.3) | 5.0 (23.0) | 6.3 (22.9) | 6.8 (26.3) | 7.5 (28.6) |
 Initial energy intake (calories/day) | 1869.9 (544.7) | 1834.7 (522.1) | 1789.2 (513.9) | 1709.6 (508.0) | 1735.0 (507.5) | 1740.5 (513.1) | 1752.1 (506.8) |
 Change in energy intake (calories/d) |  − 156.9 (493.3) |  − 121.2 (486) |  − 90.5 (463.4) |  − 42.6 (455.3) | 16.5 (457.9) | 58.0 (468.0) | 88.9 (496.2) |
 Initial body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (4.7) | 25.4 (4.9) | 25.4 (4.7) | 25.2 (4.6) | 25.0 (4.5) | 25.1 (4.7) | 25.2 (4.7) |
 Change in body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.2 (2.5) | 1.2 (2.4) | 1.1 (2.4) | 1.1 (2.3) | 1.1 (2.3) | 1.0 (2.4) | 1.0 (2.4) |
 Initial weight (kg) | 68.3 (13.5) | 68.1 (13.7) | 68.2 (13.6) | 67.6 (13.2) | 67.3 (12.8) | 67.5 (13.2) | 67.6 (13.4) |
 Weight change (kg) | 3.3 (6.7) | 3.3 (6.5) | 3.0 (6.4) | 3.0 (6.3) | 3.0 (6.2) | 2.7 (6.3) | 2.8 (6.5) |
 Parental history of MI (%)a | 25.5 | 23.2 | 24.3 | 23.4 | 23.8 | 24.1 | 24.8 |
 Hypertension (%)a | 37.7 | 36.3 | 35.9 | 36.2 | 35.7 | 35.6 | 37.4 |
 High cholesterol level (%)a | 49.8 | 48.8 | 49.1 | 49.5 | 49.2 | 51.1 | 49.7 |
 Type 2 diabetes (%)a | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.5 |
 Current smoker (%)a | 18.7 | 16.5 | 19.1 | 23.5 | 19.3 | 18.5 | 18.3 |
 Change in smoking status (%) | |||||||
  Current to past | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.2 |
  Past to current | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
  Never to current | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
 Multivitamin (%)a | 47.9 | 47.2 | 46.5 | 45.2 | 46.9 | 48.7 | 49.0 |
 Aspirin (%)a | 43.5 | 43.9 | 44.1 | 44.6 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 44.4 |
Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | |||||||
 No. of participants | 3,447 | 2,354 | 4,901 | 6,171 | 5,493 | 2,860 | 4,574 |
 Age (years) | 61.4 (9.2) | 61.3 (9.3) | 60.8 (9.2) | 60.2 (9.2) | 60.8 (9.1) | 61.5 (9.3) | 61.3 (9.3) |
 Initial alcohol intake (g/day) | 11.6 (16.3) | 11.2 (15.3) | 11.5 (14.7) | 11.6 (15.3) | 11.4 (14.6) | 11.0 (14.1) | 11.7 (15.5) |
 Change in alcohol intake (g/day) |  − 1.4 (12.7) |  − 1.1 (11.2) |  − 0.6 (11.2) |  − 0.3 (11.0) | 0 (10.8) | 0.3 (11.1) | 0.9 (12.6) |
 Initial physical activity (MET h/week) | 20.7 (29.0) | 20.7 (26.6) | 20.3 (30.8) | 17.3 (24.0) | 18.5 (23.6) | 19.4 (25.7) | 19.5 (24.6) |
 Change in physical activity (MET h/week) | 10.6 (33.7) | 10.4 (30.0) | 10.4 (33.4) | 11.3 (28.7) | 13.0 (29.4) | 13.3 (31.1) | 13.9 (30.4) |
 Initial energy intake (calories/day) | 2133.6 (622.2) | 2034.1 (584.6) | 2023.9 (604.0) | 1934.8 (568.6) | 1946.0 (580.6) | 1966.6 (582.3) | 1975.2 (586.9) |
 Change in energy intake (calories/day) |  − 148.3 (569.2) |  − 92.9 (519.5) |  − 49.3 (532.8) | 10.6 (524.3) | 71.0 (525.3) | 97.6 (548.1) | 181.9 (560.0) |
 Initial body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (3.3) | 25.4 (3.0) | 25.3 (3.0) | 25.3 (3.1) | 25.3 (3.0) | 25.3 (3.0) | 25.5 (3.2) |
 Change in body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.6 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.5 (1.5) | 0.5 (1.5) | 0.4 (1.4) | 0.4 (1.6) |
 Initial weight (kg) | 81.0 (12.0) | 80.8 (11.1) | 80.6 (11.1) | 80.6 (11.3) | 80.8 (11.0) | 80.7 (11.0) | 81.2 (11.9) |
 Weight change (kg) | 2.0 (5.7) | 1.9 (5.0) | 1.8 (4.9) | 1.6 (4.7) | 1.5 (4.8) | 1.4 (4.5) | 1.4 (5.3) |
 Parental history of MI (%)a | 38.5 | 36.9 | 36.2 | 36.8 | 37.4 | 37.6 | 37.6 |
 Hypertension (%)a | 32.8 | 29.9 | 30.3 | 29.3 | 30.6 | 30.1 | 31.6 |
 High cholesterol level (%)a | 40.6 | 40.2 | 39.4 | 39.9 | 42.0 | 41.0 | 40.8 |
 Type 2 diabetes (%)a | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 |
 Current smoker (%)a | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 7.8 |
 Change in smoking status (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Current to past | 3.4 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.2 |
  Past to current | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
  Never to current | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
 Multivitamin (%)a | 50.2 | 50.6 | 49.8 | 46.9 | 47.9 | 49.7 | 49.7 |
 Aspirin (%)a | 60.0 | 59.1 | 57.8 | 56.9 | 59.2 | 58.4 | 61.1 |