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Table 2 Associations between all-cause mortality (hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals)a and 8-year change in intake of flavonoid-rich foods

From: Change in habitual intakes of flavonoid-rich foods and mortality in US males and females

 

8-year change in intake levels, servings/week

  
 

Decrease

 

Increase

  
 

 ≥ 2

1–1.99

0.5–0.99

No change (± 0.49)

0.5–0.99

1–1.99

 ≥ 2

Ptrend

Every 3.5 servings/week changee

Blueberry (fresh, frozen or canned)

 NHSb

 

529/22,972

398/17,844

12,448/702,562

579/32,856

1339/66,349

   

  Model 2c

 

1.21 (1.06, 1.37)

1.06 (0.96, 1.18)

1.00

0.95 (0.87, 1.04)

0.96 (0.91, 1.02)

  

0.90 (0.85, 0.95)

 HPFSb

 

202/7729

111/4209

7503/367,546

280/12,191

892/31,890

   

  Model 2c

 

1.06 (0.89, 1.27)

1.14 (0.93, 1.38)

1.00

0.98 (0.87, 1.11)

1.02 (0.95, 1.10)

  

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

 Pooledd

 

1.16 (1.04, 1.28)

1.08 (0.98, 1.18)

1.00

0.96 (0.89, 1.03)

0.98 (0.94, 1.03)

 

0.01

0.95 (0.91, 0.99)

Apple (fresh)

 NHSb

3196/175,003

110/7270

440/16,291

8798/475,020

234/10,834

91/6427

2424/151,739

  

  Model 2c

1.04 (0.99, 1.10)

1.08 (0.88, 1.32)

1.06 (0.96, 1.17)

1.00

0.98 (0.86, 1.12)

1.03 (0.83, 1.28)

1.04 (0.99, 1.09)

 

1.00 (0.97, 1.03)

 HPFSb

2093/89,216

125/5321

139/4822

4762/231,582

99/4407

101/5351

1669/82,867

  

  Model 2c

1.04 (0.97, 1.10)

1.10 (0.91, 1.33)

1.10 (0.92, 1.31)

1.00

1.07 (0.87, 1.31)

0.93 (0.75, 1.14)

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

 

0.97 (0.94, 1.00)

 Pooledd

1.04 (1.00, 1.08)

1.09 (0.95, 1.25)

1.07 (0.98, 1.17)

1.00

1.01 (0.90, 1.13)

0.98 (0.84, 1.13)

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

0.17

0.98 (0.96, 1.01)

Orange and orange juice

 NHSb

4349/229,783

654/34,599

683/40,348

5304/297,549

511/26,651

513/29,248

3279/184,405

  

  Model 2c

1.04 (0.99, 1.09)

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

0.92 (0.85, 1.00)

1.00

1.11 (1.02, 1.22)

1.08 (0.98, 1.18)

1.10 (1.05, 1.15)

 

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

 HPFSb

2613/114,822

355/16,461

329/16,253

2789/138,532

255/13,691

325/16,196

2322/107,611

  

  Model 2c

1.00 (0.94, 1.06)

0.90 (0.80, 1.01)

1.01 (0.90, 1.13)

1.00

0.90 (0.79, 1.03)

0.91 (0.81, 1.02)

1.05 (0.99, 1.11)

 

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

 Pooledd

1.02 (0.99, 1.06)

0.96 (0.9, 1.03)

0.95 (0.89, 1.01)

1.00

1.05 (0.98, 1.14)

1.01 (0.94, 1.09)

1.08 (1.05, 1.12)

0.03

1.01 (1.00, 1.03)

Tea

        

e1 serving/day

 NHSb

3495/177,247

255/12,515

484/21,256

7288/397,330

417/26,195

184/11,547

3,170/196,493

  

  Model 2c

1.02 (0.97, 1.07)

0.94 (0.82, 1.07)

1.11 (1.01, 1.22)

1.00

0.93 (0.84, 1.03)

0.85 (0.73, 0.99)

0.93 (0.89, 0.97)

 

0.96 (0.95, 0.98)

 HPFSb

1726/75,078

132/5679

269/11,771

4892/233,143

273/13,577

126/6,160

1,570/78,156

  

  Model 2c

1.05 (0.98, 1.12)

0.88 (0.73, 1.05)

1.07 (0.94, 1.21)

1.00

0.99 (0.87, 1.12)

0.90 (0.75, 1.08)

0.99 (0.93, 1.05)

 

0.98 (0.95, 1.00)

 Pooledd

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

0.94 (0.85, 1.04)

1.10 (1.02, 1.18)

1.00

0.95 (0.88, 1.03)

0.87 (0.78, 0.98)

0.95 (0.92, 0.98)

< 0.0001

0.97 (0.95, 0.98)

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice

 NHSb

1964/118,026

253/20,041

1114/62,321

10,762/547,361

280/20,955

114/9472

806/64,407

  

  Model 2c

0.95 (0.88, 1.01)

0.94 (0.82, 1.06)

1.03 (0.97, 1.10)

1.00

1.18 (1.05, 1.34)

1.19 (0.99, 1.43)

1.04 (0.97, 1.13)

 

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)

 HPFSb

1488/57,102

131/7765

505/24,566

5617/272,260

210/12,091

99/5824

938/43,958

  

  Model 2c

1.00 (0.92, 1.08)

0.96 (0.80, 1.15)

1.03 (0.94, 1.14)

1.00

1.19 (1.03, 1.38)

0.97 (0.79, 1.19)

1.08 (1.00, 1.16)

 

1.04 (1.00, 1.09)

 Pooledd

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

0.94 (0.84, 1.04)

1.03 (0.98, 1.09)

1.00

1.19 (1.08, 1.30)

1.10 (0.96, 1.27)

1.06 (1.01, 1.12)

0.0002

1.06 (1.03, 1.09)

Red wine

 NHSb

 

672/37,113

219/13,187

13,481/717,922

173/15,856

748/58,505

   

  Model 2c

 

1.00 (0.90, 1.11)

0.92 (0.80, 1.05)

1.00

0.84 (0.72, 0.99)

0.88 (0.81, 0.96)

  

0.96 (0.91, 1.00)

 HPFSb

 

796/30,425

179/6,864

6889/313,529

172/11,094

952/61,654

   

  Model 2c

 

1.04 (0.95, 1.15)

1.15 (0.99, 1.34)

1.00

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

0.91 (0.84, 0.98)

  

0.96 (0.93, 1.00)

 Pooledd

 

1.02 (0.95, 1.10)

1.01 (0.91, 1.12)

1.00

0.86 (0.77, 0.96)

0.89 (0.84, 0.95)

 

0.006

0.96 (0.93, 0.99)

Strawberry (fresh, frozen or canned)

 NHSb

 

1148/58,820

642/23,736

11,607/657,567

423/21,245

1473/81,215

   

  Model 2c

 

1.09 (1.00, 1.18)

1.12 (1.04, 1.22)

1.00

1.02 (0.92, 1.12)

1.05 (1.00, 1.12)

  

0.99 (0.94, 1.04)

 HPFSb

 

402/16,312

201/7,525

7226/358,344

239/10,439

920/30,946

   

  Model 2c

 

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

1.11 (0.96, 1.29)

1.00

1.01 (0.88, 1.15)

1.11 (1.03, 1.20)

  

1.09 (1.02, 1.16)

 Pooledd

 

1.04 (0.97, 1.12)

1.12 (1.04, 1.20)

1.00

1.01 (0.94, 1.10)

1.07 (1.03, 1.12)

 

0.19

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

Onion (raw or cooked)

 NHSb

 

1766/99,802

1063/56,193

11,405/612,615

248/15,510

811/58,464

   

  Model 2c

 

1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

1.00 (0.93, 1.06)

1.00

1.13 (1.00, 1.28)

1.08 (1.00, 1.16)

  

1.05 (1.00, 1.09)

 HPFSb

 

968/36,949

236/11,251

6123/306,015

340/17,304

1321/52,047

   

  Model 2c

 

0.98 (0.89, 1.08)

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

1.00

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

1.04 (0.98, 1.11)

  

1.05 (0.99, 1.10)

 Pooledd

 

0.99 (0.94, 1.04)

0.98 (0.92, 1.04)

1.00

1.03 (0.95, 1.12)

1.06 (1.01, 1.11)

 

0.007

1.05 (1.01, 1.08)

Peppers

 NHSb

 

2239/117,437

579/20,356

10,764/575,134

265/16,902

1446/112,754

   

  Model 2c

 

1.14 (1.07, 1.22)

1.21 (1.12, 1.32)

1.00

1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

0.93 (0.88, 0.98)

  

0.88 (0.84, 0.92)

 HPFSb

 

1177/46,636

189/7133

6295/299,699

184/10,711

1143/59,416

   

  Model 2c

 

1.03 (0.95, 1.12)

0.97 (0.83, 1.12)

1.00

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

0.96 (0.90, 1.03)

  

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

 Pooledd

 

1.10 (1.05, 1.16)

1.15 (1.07, 1.24)

1.00

1.02 (0.93, 1.12)

0.94 (0.90, 0.98)

 

< 0.0001

0.91 (0.88, 0.95)

Grape and raisin

 NHSb

 

1576/79,843

593/30,650

10,839/599,807

645/36,896

1640/95,387

   

  Model 2c

 

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)

0.96 (0.89, 1.04)

1.00

0.95 (0.88, 1.03)

0.93 (0.88, 0.98)

  

0.95 (0.92, 0.99)

 HPFSb

 

1,185/45,439

236/10,302

5923/299,458

253/11,719

1391/56,648

   

  Model 2c

 

1.05 (0.97, 1.13)

0.99 (0.87, 1.13)

1.00

1.12 (0.98, 1.27)

1.05 (0.99, 1.12)

  

1.00 (0.96, 1.04)

 Pooledd

 

1.02 (0.97, 1.07)

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

1.00

1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

0.98 (0.94, 1.02)

 

0.048

0.97 (0.95, 1.00)

  1. aAll hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models. HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study
  2. bCases/person-years
  3. cModel 2 was adjusted for age, time periods, ethnicity, change in smoking status, a family history of myocardial infarction, diabetes and cancer, multivitamin use, aspirin use, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, baseline physical activity, change in physical activity, baseline BMI, change in BMI, baseline intakes of the exposure variable, and both baseline and change in intakes of alcohol, total energy, meat, nuts, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, trans-fat, cereal fibre, and soft drink
  4. dResults of Model 2 from both cohorts were pooled using a fixed-effects meta-analysis
  5. eExcept for tea, where the hazard ratio (95% CI) is presented for an 8-year change in intake of 1 serve per day
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