Fig. 2

Univariable and multivariable estimates for the association between number of chronic pain sites and risk of incident dementia and its subtypes. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived from Cox regression and refer to HR of risk of incident dementia and its subtypes associated with per one increment of the number of chronic pain sites. Model 1 adjusted for baseline age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, highest education level, house income, smoking status, alcohol frequency, and physical activity. Model 2 further adjusted for the presence of comorbidity, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication use, and opioid medication use from model 1. Model 3 further adjusted for psychological problems and sleep duration from model 2