Fig. 5
From: Association between chronic pain and risk of incident dementia: findings from a prospective cohort
Associations of number of chronic pain sites with incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease by age group. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived from Cox regression and refer to HR of risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease associated with per one increment of the number of chronic painful sites. Multivariable adjustment was for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, highest education level, house income, smoking status, alcohol frequency, physical activity, presence of comorbidity, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication use, opioid medication use, psychological problems, and sleep duration