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Table 1 Characteristics of participants at baseline, by number of chronic pain sites

From: Association between chronic pain and risk of incident dementia: findings from a prospective cohort

Characteristics

Total

Number of chronic pain sites

0

1

2

3

4

Pain all over the body

*P-value

Number of participants

356,383

209,604

87,095

36,724

13,714

4666

4580

 

Dementia events, % (n)

1.4 (4959)

1.2 (2471)

1.4 (1229)

1.9 (683)

2.2 (306)

3.0 (140)

2.8 (130)

 < 0.001

 Alzheimer’s disease, % (n)

0.6 (2083)

0.5 (1053)

0.6 (519)

0.8 (298)

0.9 (123)

1.1 (50)

0.9 (40)

 < 0.001

 Vascular dementia, % (n)

0.3 (1092)

0.3 (524)

0.3 (298)

0.4 (137)

0.4 (55)

0.7 (32)

1.0 (46)

 < 0.001

 Frontotemporal dementia, % (n)

0.05 (166)

0.04 (94)

0.05 (40)

0.05 (19)

0.04 (5)

0.09 (41)

0.09 (4)

0.575

Age (years), mean (SD)

56.5 (8.1)

56.2 (8.1)

56.6 (8.1)

57.2 (7.9)

57.8 (7.6)

58.2 (7.3)

57.0 (7.5)

 < 0.001

Male, % (n)

48.4 (172,589)

50.2 (105,260)

47.9 (41,709)

44.5 (16,325)

42.0 (5764)

38.7 (1804)

37.7 (1727)

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)

27.4 (4.7)

26.8 (4.3)

27.7 (4.8)

28.4 (5.1)

29.3 (5.5)

30.3 (5.9)

29.8 (6.0)

 < 0.001

Highest education qualification, % (n)

       

 < 0.001

 College or university degree/NVQ, HND, HNC, or equivalent/other professional qualifications

62.7 (223,404)

65.5 (137,354)

61.0 (53,126)

57.5 (21,125)

53.7 (7359)

50.1 (2339)

45.9 (2101)

 

 A levels, AS levels, or equivalent

5.8 (20,547)

6.0 (12,567)

5.7 (4950)

5.3 (1945)

4.8 (664)

4.2 (197)

4.9 (224)

 

 O levels, GCSEs, CSE, or equivalent

16.6 (59,159)

16.2 (33,907)

17.1 (14,903)

17.2 (6298)

17.7 (2428)

17.1 (796)

18.1 (827)

 

 None of the above

15.0 (53,273)

12.3 (25,776)

16.2 (14,116)

20.0 (7356)

23.8 (3263)

28.6 (1334)

31.2 (1428)

 

Household income (£) before tax, % (n)

       

 < 0.001

 Less than 18,000

19.0 (67,646)

15.9 (33,372)

19.7 (17,119)

24.8 (9123)

31.2 (4283)

40.4 (1887)

40.7 (1862)

 

 18,000–30,999

22.4 (79,837)

22.1 (46,304)

22.9 (19,910)

23.1 (8465)

23.4 (3205)

21.6 (1008)

20.6 (945)

 

 31,000–51,999

23.6 (84,071)

24.8 (51,917)

23.3 (20,326)

21.1 (7735)

19.4 (2661)

15.4 (720)

15.6 (712)

 

 52,000–100,000

19.0 (67,756)

21.0 (44,017)

18.3 (15,919)

15.3 (5635)

11.0 (1505)

7.1 (332)

7.4 (339)

 

 Greater than 100,000

5.3 (18,726)

6.1 (12,872)

4.8 (4141)

3.5 (1281)

2.2 (302)

1.7 (80)

1.1 (50)

 

 Do not know/prefer not to answer

10.8 (38,356)

10.1 (21,122)

11.1 (9680)

12.2 (4485)

12.8 (1758)

13.7 (639)

14.7 (672)

 

White ethnicity, % (n)

95.2 (339,141)

95.5 (200,220)

95.1 (82,837)

94.6 (34,729)

94.0 (12,891)

93.4 (4359)

89.6 (4105)

 < 0.001

Smoking status, % (n)

       

 < 0.001

 Never

54.3 (193,666)

57.0 (119,379)

52.6 (45,768)

49.2 (18,083)

45.9 (6291)

42.6 (1986)

47.1 (2159)

 

 Former

35.4 (126,261)

34.0 (71,171)

36.6 (31,852)

38.7 (14,205)

40.5 (5547)

40.0 (1866)

35.4 (1620)

 

 Current

10.2 (36,456)

9.1 (19,054)

10.9 (9475)

12.1 (4436)

13.7 (1876)

17.5 (814)

17.5 (801)

 

Alcohol consumption, % (n)

       

 < 0.001

 Daily or almost daily

21.8 (77,670)

22.8 (47,756)

21.5 (18,753)

20.2 (7428)

18.5 (2534)

14.0 (652)

11.9 (547)

 

 3–4 times/week

24.2 (861,220)

25.6 (53,650)

23.8 (20,739)

21.4 (7854)

18.5 (2533)

16.0 (748)

13.1 (598)

 

 1–2 times/week

25.7 (91,431)

26.1 (54,653)

25.7 (22,397)

24.9 (9153)

23.4 (3212)

22.4 (1043)

21.2 (973)

 

 1–3 times/month

10.8 (38,309)

10.3 (21,645)

11.0 (9572)

11.6 (4251)

12.3 (1684)

12.3 (575)

12.7 (582)

 

 Special occasions only

10.4 (37,203)

9.2 (19,176)

10.7 (9312)

12.9 (4736)

15.6 (2144)

19.2 (894)

20.5 (941)

 

 Never

7.2 (25,648)

6.1 (12,724)

7.3 (6322)

9.0 (3302)

11.7 (1607)

16.2 (754)

20.5 (939)

 

Meeting moderate/vigorous PA recommendation, % (n)

54.6 (194,652)

55.9 (117,064)

54.3 (47,306)

52.7 (19,334)

50.3 (6,902)

45.8 (2139)

41.6 (1907)

 < 0.001

Presence of comorbiditya (≥ 1), % (n)

45.7 (162,767)

41.9 (87,833)

47.2 (41,065)

53.0 (19,452)

60.2 (8259)

67.1 (3129)

66.1 (3029)

 < 0.001

NSAIDs use, % (n)

27.2 (96,906)

20.4 (42,755)

32.9 (28,661)

40.2 (14,753)

45.8 (6279)

50.0 (2331)

46.4 (2127)

 < 0.001

Opioid use, % (n)

5.3 (18,820)

1.2 (2569)

6.1 (5332)

12.4 (4538)

22.6 (3098)

35.0 (1635)

36.0 (1648)

 < 0.001

Psychological problems, % (n)

33.8 (120,375)

28.7 (60,050)

36.7 (31,990)

43.9 (16,110)

50.3 (6900)

56.9 (2656)

58.3 (2669)

 < 0.001

Sleep duration

       

 < 0.001

 Meet the recommendation (≥ 7 and ≤ 8 h)

68.4 (243,903)

72.2 (151,374)

66.6 (58,032)

61.5 (22,573)

55.8 (7658)

48.4 (2260)

43.8 (2006)

 

 Less than recommendation (< 7 h)

24.1 (85,740)

21.0 (44,029)

25.6 (22,333)

30.0 (11,010)

34.2 (4688)

39.7 (1850)

40.0 (1830)

 

 More than recommendation (> 8 h)

7.5 (26,740)

6.8 (14,201)

7.7 (6730)

8.6 (141)

10.0 (1368)

11.9 (556)

16.2 (744)

 
  1. Abbreviations: SD Standard deviation, PA Physical activity, NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  2. aSelf-reported any hypertension, diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or lung disease
  3. *P-value was determined by ANOVA and ordinal χ2 test (Kruskal–Wallis test) (where appropriate)