From: Association between chronic pain and risk of incident dementia: findings from a prospective cohort
Characteristics | Total | Number of chronic pain sites | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Pain all over the body | *P-value | ||
Number of participants | 356,383 | 209,604 | 87,095 | 36,724 | 13,714 | 4666 | 4580 | Â |
Dementia events, % (n) | 1.4 (4959) | 1.2 (2471) | 1.4 (1229) | 1.9 (683) | 2.2 (306) | 3.0 (140) | 2.8 (130) |  < 0.001 |
 Alzheimer’s disease, % (n) | 0.6 (2083) | 0.5 (1053) | 0.6 (519) | 0.8 (298) | 0.9 (123) | 1.1 (50) | 0.9 (40) |  < 0.001 |
 Vascular dementia, % (n) | 0.3 (1092) | 0.3 (524) | 0.3 (298) | 0.4 (137) | 0.4 (55) | 0.7 (32) | 1.0 (46) |  < 0.001 |
 Frontotemporal dementia, % (n) | 0.05 (166) | 0.04 (94) | 0.05 (40) | 0.05 (19) | 0.04 (5) | 0.09 (41) | 0.09 (4) | 0.575 |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.5 (8.1) | 56.2 (8.1) | 56.6 (8.1) | 57.2 (7.9) | 57.8 (7.6) | 58.2 (7.3) | 57.0 (7.5) |  < 0.001 |
Male, % (n) | 48.4 (172,589) | 50.2 (105,260) | 47.9 (41,709) | 44.5 (16,325) | 42.0 (5764) | 38.7 (1804) | 37.7 (1727) |  < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.4 (4.7) | 26.8 (4.3) | 27.7 (4.8) | 28.4 (5.1) | 29.3 (5.5) | 30.3 (5.9) | 29.8 (6.0) |  < 0.001 |
Highest education qualification, % (n) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 College or university degree/NVQ, HND, HNC, or equivalent/other professional qualifications | 62.7 (223,404) | 65.5 (137,354) | 61.0 (53,126) | 57.5 (21,125) | 53.7 (7359) | 50.1 (2339) | 45.9 (2101) |  |
 A levels, AS levels, or equivalent | 5.8 (20,547) | 6.0 (12,567) | 5.7 (4950) | 5.3 (1945) | 4.8 (664) | 4.2 (197) | 4.9 (224) |  |
 O levels, GCSEs, CSE, or equivalent | 16.6 (59,159) | 16.2 (33,907) | 17.1 (14,903) | 17.2 (6298) | 17.7 (2428) | 17.1 (796) | 18.1 (827) |  |
 None of the above | 15.0 (53,273) | 12.3 (25,776) | 16.2 (14,116) | 20.0 (7356) | 23.8 (3263) | 28.6 (1334) | 31.2 (1428) |  |
Household income (£) before tax, % (n) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Less than 18,000 | 19.0 (67,646) | 15.9 (33,372) | 19.7 (17,119) | 24.8 (9123) | 31.2 (4283) | 40.4 (1887) | 40.7 (1862) |  |
 18,000–30,999 | 22.4 (79,837) | 22.1 (46,304) | 22.9 (19,910) | 23.1 (8465) | 23.4 (3205) | 21.6 (1008) | 20.6 (945) |  |
 31,000–51,999 | 23.6 (84,071) | 24.8 (51,917) | 23.3 (20,326) | 21.1 (7735) | 19.4 (2661) | 15.4 (720) | 15.6 (712) |  |
 52,000–100,000 | 19.0 (67,756) | 21.0 (44,017) | 18.3 (15,919) | 15.3 (5635) | 11.0 (1505) | 7.1 (332) | 7.4 (339) |  |
 Greater than 100,000 | 5.3 (18,726) | 6.1 (12,872) | 4.8 (4141) | 3.5 (1281) | 2.2 (302) | 1.7 (80) | 1.1 (50) |  |
 Do not know/prefer not to answer | 10.8 (38,356) | 10.1 (21,122) | 11.1 (9680) | 12.2 (4485) | 12.8 (1758) | 13.7 (639) | 14.7 (672) |  |
White ethnicity, % (n) | 95.2 (339,141) | 95.5 (200,220) | 95.1 (82,837) | 94.6 (34,729) | 94.0 (12,891) | 93.4 (4359) | 89.6 (4105) |  < 0.001 |
Smoking status, % (n) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Never | 54.3 (193,666) | 57.0 (119,379) | 52.6 (45,768) | 49.2 (18,083) | 45.9 (6291) | 42.6 (1986) | 47.1 (2159) |  |
 Former | 35.4 (126,261) | 34.0 (71,171) | 36.6 (31,852) | 38.7 (14,205) | 40.5 (5547) | 40.0 (1866) | 35.4 (1620) |  |
 Current | 10.2 (36,456) | 9.1 (19,054) | 10.9 (9475) | 12.1 (4436) | 13.7 (1876) | 17.5 (814) | 17.5 (801) |  |
Alcohol consumption, % (n) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Daily or almost daily | 21.8 (77,670) | 22.8 (47,756) | 21.5 (18,753) | 20.2 (7428) | 18.5 (2534) | 14.0 (652) | 11.9 (547) |  |
 3–4 times/week | 24.2 (861,220) | 25.6 (53,650) | 23.8 (20,739) | 21.4 (7854) | 18.5 (2533) | 16.0 (748) | 13.1 (598) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 25.7 (91,431) | 26.1 (54,653) | 25.7 (22,397) | 24.9 (9153) | 23.4 (3212) | 22.4 (1043) | 21.2 (973) |  |
 1–3 times/month | 10.8 (38,309) | 10.3 (21,645) | 11.0 (9572) | 11.6 (4251) | 12.3 (1684) | 12.3 (575) | 12.7 (582) |  |
 Special occasions only | 10.4 (37,203) | 9.2 (19,176) | 10.7 (9312) | 12.9 (4736) | 15.6 (2144) | 19.2 (894) | 20.5 (941) |  |
 Never | 7.2 (25,648) | 6.1 (12,724) | 7.3 (6322) | 9.0 (3302) | 11.7 (1607) | 16.2 (754) | 20.5 (939) |  |
Meeting moderate/vigorous PA recommendation, % (n) | 54.6 (194,652) | 55.9 (117,064) | 54.3 (47,306) | 52.7 (19,334) | 50.3 (6,902) | 45.8 (2139) | 41.6 (1907) |  < 0.001 |
Presence of comorbiditya (≥ 1), % (n) | 45.7 (162,767) | 41.9 (87,833) | 47.2 (41,065) | 53.0 (19,452) | 60.2 (8259) | 67.1 (3129) | 66.1 (3029) |  < 0.001 |
NSAIDs use, % (n) | 27.2 (96,906) | 20.4 (42,755) | 32.9 (28,661) | 40.2 (14,753) | 45.8 (6279) | 50.0 (2331) | 46.4 (2127) |  < 0.001 |
Opioid use, % (n) | 5.3 (18,820) | 1.2 (2569) | 6.1 (5332) | 12.4 (4538) | 22.6 (3098) | 35.0 (1635) | 36.0 (1648) |  < 0.001 |
Psychological problems, % (n) | 33.8 (120,375) | 28.7 (60,050) | 36.7 (31,990) | 43.9 (16,110) | 50.3 (6900) | 56.9 (2656) | 58.3 (2669) |  < 0.001 |
Sleep duration |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Meet the recommendation (≥ 7 and ≤ 8 h) | 68.4 (243,903) | 72.2 (151,374) | 66.6 (58,032) | 61.5 (22,573) | 55.8 (7658) | 48.4 (2260) | 43.8 (2006) |  |
 Less than recommendation (< 7 h) | 24.1 (85,740) | 21.0 (44,029) | 25.6 (22,333) | 30.0 (11,010) | 34.2 (4688) | 39.7 (1850) | 40.0 (1830) |  |
 More than recommendation (> 8 h) | 7.5 (26,740) | 6.8 (14,201) | 7.7 (6730) | 8.6 (141) | 10.0 (1368) | 11.9 (556) | 16.2 (744) |  |