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Table 2 Associations between the number of chronic pain sites and the incidence of dementia and its subtypes over follow-up (n = 356,383)

From: Association between chronic pain and risk of incident dementia: findings from a prospective cohort

 

No. of participants

No. of cases (%)

No. of painful sites

Univariable model,

HR (95% CI)

Model 1a,

HR (95% CI)

Model 2b,

HR (95% CI)

Model 3c,

HR (95% CI)

Dementia eventsd

205,228

2142 (1.0)

0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

85,143

1054 (1.2)

1

1.19 (1.10, 1.28)¶

1.08 (1.00, 1.16)

1.03 (0.96, 1.11)

1.02 (0.95, 1.10)

35,696

578 (1.6)

2

1.56 (1.42, 1.71)¶

1.29 (1.18, 1.42)¶

1.19 (1.08, 1.30)¶

1.16 (1.05, 1.27)¶

13,326

267 (2.0)

3

1.95 (1.71, 2.21)¶

1.47 (1.29, 1.67)¶

1.28 (1.12, 1.46)¶

1.23 (1.08, 1.41)¶

4514

116 (2.6)

4

2.51 (2.08, 3.03)¶

1.78 (1.47, 2.15)¶

1.49 (1.23, 1.81)¶

1.43 (1.18, 1.73)¶

4360

107 (2.5)

Pain all over the body

2.41 (1.98, 2.93)¶

1.91 (1.57, 2.32)¶

1.58 (1.29, 1.94)¶

1.50 (1.23, 1.84)¶

  

P for trend‖

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

 Alzheimer’s diseased

205,368

929 (0.5)

0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

85,226

467 (0.6)

1

1.21 (1.08, 1.36)¶

1.12 (1.00, 1.25)

1.08 (0.97, 1.21)

1.08 (0.96, 1.21)

35,744

263 (0.7)

2

1.63 (1.42, 1.87)¶

1.39 (1.21, 1.59)¶

1.30 (1.13, 1.50)¶

1.29 (1.12, 1.49)¶

13,342

108 (0.8)

3

1.81 (1.48, 2.21)¶

1.42 (1.16, 1.74)¶

1.29 (1.05, 1.59)

1.27 (1.03, 1.57)

4524

40 (0.9)

4

1.99 (1.45, 2.73)¶

1.49 (1.08, 2.05)

1.32 (0.95, 1.82)

1.30 (0.94, 1.80)

4376

37 (0.9)

Pain all over the body

1.91 (1.37, 2.65)¶

1.60 (1.14, 2.22)¶

1.40 (1.00, 1.96)

1.37 (0.98, 1.93)

  

P for trend‖

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

 Vascular dementia

209,604

524 (0.25)

0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

87,095

298 (0.34)

1

1.37 (1.19, 1.58)¶

1.18 (1.02, 1.36)

1.09 (0.95, 1.26)

1.06 (0.92, 1.23)

36,724

137 (0.37)

2

1.50 (1.24, 1.81)¶

1.14 (0.94, 1.38)

0.99 (0.81, 1.20)

0.94 (0.77, 1.14)

13,714

55 (0.40)

3

1.63 (1.23, 2.15)¶

1.09 (0.82, 1.44)

0.87 (0.65, 1.16)

0.80 (0.60, 1.07)

4666

32 (0.69)

4

2.73 (1.91, 3.90)¶

1.61 (1.12, 2.32)¶

1.20 (0.83, 1.75)

1.10 (0.76, 1.61)

4580

46 (1.00)

Pain all over the body

4.09 (3.03, 5.53)¶

2.88 (2.11, 3.92)¶

2.13 (1.55, 2.93)¶

1.91 (1.39, 2.64)¶

  

P for trend‖

 < 0.001¶

 < 0.001¶

0.020

0.145

 Frontotemporal dementia

209,604

94 (0.04)

0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

87,095

40 (0.05)

1

1.02 (0.71, 1.48)

1.02 (0.70, 1.48)

1.02 (0.70, 1.48)

0.99 (0.68, 1.45)

36,724

19 (0.05)

2

1.16 (0.71, 1.90)

1.13 (0.69, 1.86)

1.11 (0.67, 1.85)

1.07 (0.64, 1.77)

13,714

5 (0.04)

3

0.82 (0.33, 2.01)

0.78 (0.32, 1.94)

0.76 (0.30, 1.90)

0.72 (0.28, 1.80)

4666

4 (0.09)

4

1.93 (0.71, 5.24)

1.85 (0.67, 5.09)

1.75 (0.62, 4.94)

1.64 (0.58, 4.64)

4580

4 (0.09)

Pain all over the body

2.00 (0.73, 5.43)

1.94 (0.70, 5.36)

1.83 (0.65, 5.18)

1.70 (0.60, 4.82)

  

P for trend‖

0.223

0.298

0.399

0.547

  1. HRs (95% CIs) in bold represent the statistically significant results (P < 0.05)
  2. Abbreviations: HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval, Ref Reference group
  3. aModel 1: adjusted for baseline age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, highest education level, house income, smoking status, alcohol frequency, and meeting recommended moderate/vigorous physical activity
  4. bModel 2: model 1 + presence of comorbidity, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication use, and opioid medication use
  5. cModel 3: model 2 + psychological problems and sleep duration
  6. dAnalyses were restricted to those with a follow-up of 6 years and over
  7. ‖P for trend was determined by Cox regression with number of chronic painful sites as a continuous variable
  8. ¶Significant association that passes the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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