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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of diabetic participants to 6-month vitamin K2 (MK-7) intervention

From: Vitamin K2 supplementation improves impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes through gut microbiome and fecal metabolites

Characteristics

0 month

3 months

6 months

P value

NC group

VK group

P valuea

NC group

VK group

P valueb

NC group

VK group

P valueb

Relative change of parameters between groupsc

Age (years)

62.97 ± 1.67

63.33 ± 1.33

0.864

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sex (male, n)

16

13

0.438

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Current smoking (yes, n)

3

2

0.533

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Current drinking (yes, n)

9

7

0.448

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Exercise habit (> 3 times/week, n)

22

19

0.432

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Course of diabetes

  

0.860

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 5 years

8

9

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 5–10 years

3

2

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 10 years

19

17

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

BMI (kg/m2)

25.41 ± 0.59

24.98 ± 0.54

0.598

24.92 ± 0.64

24.76 ± 0.55

0.538

25.36 ± 0.56

25.01 ± 0.66

0.727

0.700

Fat mass (%)

28.63 ± 1.22

28.80 ± 0.85

0.909

28.25 ± 1.24

27.22 ± 1

0.217

29.28 ± 1.22

29.46 ± 0.84

0.960

0.978

Waist (cm)

91.14 ± 1.73

86.77 ± 1.73

0.079

90.66 ± 1.37

88.97 ± 1.5

0.220

91.37 ± 1.7

87.51 ± 1.66

0.957

0.648

Hip circumference (cm)

97.49 ± 1.24

96.13 ± 1.04

0.404

98.29 ± 1.14

99.98 ± 1.21

0.025

102.57 ± 1.16

99.63 ± 1.4

0.154

0.221

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131.87 ± 3.04

132.63 ± 2.7

0.851

131.72 ± 2.5

140.8 ± 4.11

0.054

136.1 ± 2.75

138.36 ± 4.57

0.779

0.834

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.7 ± 1.5

76.77 ± 1.92

0.663

75.69 ± 1.54

81.5 ± 1.96

0.022

79.2 ± 1.72

78.68 ± 2.25

0.716

0.628

ABI

1.12 ± 0.02

1.17 ± 0.02

0.093

1.11 ± 0.03

1.19 ± 0.02

0.222

1.14 ± 0.03

1.17 ± 0.02

0.652

0.320

baPWV (cm/s)

1555.52 ± 53.4

1648.43 ± 51.33

0.215

1621.79 ± 70.86

1675.22 ± 48.62

0.662

1755.95 ± 75.21

1768.27 ± 77.08

0.177

0.185

dp-ucMGP (pM)

501.20 ± 33.86

498.43 ± 33.98

0.954

455.32 ± 34.42

365.9 ± 26.37

0.002

454.62 ± 35.06

333.34 ± 26.90

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Fasting glucose (mM)

7.89 ± 0.45

8.06 ± 0.49

0.803

8.93 ± 0.51

7.76 ± 0.25

0.018

8.01 ± 0.38

6.98 ± 0.2

0.006

0.048

Fasting insulin (μU/mL)

10.65 ± 0.43

11.13 ± 0.38

0.397

10.59 ± 0.62

9.1 ± 0.31

0.016

9.73 ± 0.61

7.98 ± 0.35

0.006

0.005

HbA1c (%)

7.70 ± 0.26

7.68 ± 0.22

0.955

7.70 ± 0.25

7.10 ± 0.13

0.003

7.84 ± 0.25

7.11 ± 0.19

0.006

0.019

Triglyceride (mM)

2.06 ± 0.34

1.68 ± 0.18

0.318

2.38 ± 0.28

1.71 ± 0.14

0.072

2.23 ± 0.3

1.54 ± 0.11

0.045

0.253

Total cholesterol (mM)

4.76 ± 0.2

4.81 ± 0.17

0.846

5.01 ± 0.17

5.06 ± 0.21

0.964

5.26 ± 0.21

4.75 ± 0.12

0.006

0.012

HDL-c (mM)

1.34 ± 0.05

1.42 ± 0.05

0.254

1.23 ± 0.05

1.39 ± 0.07

0.149

1.27 ± 0.05

1.43 ± 0.06

0.088

0.207

LDL-c (mM)

3.29 ± 0.19

3.33 ± 0.18

0.874

3.71 ± 0.14

3.47 ± 0.18

0.115

3.3 ± 0.17

3.01 ± 0.12

0.071

0.136

AST/ALT

1.32 ± 0.14

1.19 ± 0.14

0.513

1.19 ± 0.11

1.07 ± 0.11

0.634

1.02 ± 0.09

1.05 ± 0.13

0.100

0.084

Uric acid (mM)

357.34 ± 17

328.26 ± 16.64

0.226

350.55 ± 20.75

357.22 ± 21.32

0.057

335.95 ± 19.51

313.41 ± 15.77

0.948

0.696

Creatinine (mM)

66.47 ± 5.99

59.57 ± 2.57

0.294

68.03 ± 5.53

60.8 ± 2.85

0.634

79.17 ± 5.6

71.4 ± 2.68

0.494

0.743

HOMA-IR

1.53 ± 0.06

1.61 ± 0.05

0.311

1.74 ± 0.15

1.36 ± 0.06

0.010

1.4 ± 0.09

1.12 ± 0.05

0.005

0.003

HOMA-IS (%)

68.48 ± 2.65

64.19 ± 2.16

0.214

68.61 ± 4.87

76.88 ± 2.88

0.084

78.65 ± 4.00

93.88 ± 4.00

0.003

0.001

HOMA-β (%)

60.62 ± 5.94

62.36 ± 7.08

0.852

32.51 ± 1.91

35 ± 1.24

0.283

52.76 ± 5.17

54.61 ± 4.01

0.835

0.988

Total energy (Kcal/day)

1392.61 ± 95.43

1226.33 ± 106.23

0.249

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Carbonhydrate (g)

176.22 ± 13.89

157.96 ± 15.37

0.382

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Carbonhydrate (% of energy)

51.80 ± 2.57

51.48 ± 1.98

0.922

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Fat (g)

49.28 ± 4.70

43.18 ± 4.57

0.356

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Fat (% of energy)

31.01 ± 2.14

31.37 ± 1.67

0.893

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Protein (g)

61.05 ± 4.97

51.46 ± 4.42

0.154

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Protein (% of energy)

17.19 ± 0.65

17.15 ± 0.57

0.957

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber (g)

6.85 ± 0.79

6.87 ± 0.96

0.989

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Long-term eating habits (in 1 year)

  

0.466

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Bland

10

15

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Normal

17

11

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Fatty and salty

2

1

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Vegan

1

1

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Eating habit of natto (yes, n)

1

3

0.280

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Eating habit of cheese (yes, n)

1

4

0.156

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hypoglycemic agents

 Metformin (yes, n)

30

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Insulin (yes, n)

4

5

0.734

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Sulfonylureas (yes, n)

5

3

0.456

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

  1. NC group (n = 30) and VK group (n = 30). Data are shown as mean ± SEM or frequency
  2. BMI Body mass index, ABI Ankle bronchiole index, baPWV Brachial-ankle pulse wave conduction velocity, HDL-c High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  3. aCalculated by independent Student’s t test or chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test
  4. bCalculated by ANCOVA controlling for corresponding baseline values
  5. cCalculated the difference of relative change (= follow-up − baseline) during the whole intervention by independent Student’s t test
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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