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  1. The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is rising. An understanding of known risk factors for disease sheds light on the immunological and physical barriers to infection, and how and why t...

    Authors: M. Alexandra Lake, Lyn R. Ambrose, Marc C. I. Lipman and David M. Lowe
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:54
  2. There are few data on tuberculosis (TB) incidence in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Observational studies suggest co-trimoxazole prophylaxis may prevent TB, but there are no randomized ...

    Authors: Angela M. Crook, Anna Turkova, Victor Musiime, Mutsa Bwakura-Dangarembizi, Sabrina Bakeera-Kitaka, Patricia Nahirya-Ntege, Margaret Thomason, Peter Mugyenyi, Philippa Musoke, Adeodata Kekitiinwa, Paula Munderi, Kusum Nathoo, Andrew J. Prendergast, A. Sarah Walker and Diana M. Gibb
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:50
  3. The durability of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in preventing tuberculosis (TB) is limited in high-prevalence settings. The underlying mechanism (reactivation of persistent latent TB or reinfection) is no...

    Authors: Sabine M. Hermans, Alison D. Grant, Violet Chihota, James J. Lewis, Emilia Vynnycky, Gavin J. Churchyard and Katherine L. Fielding
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:45
  4. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem requiring complex treatment, the success of which depends on biological, social, and institutional factors. São Paulo State (SPS), in Brazil, has a high TB bu...

    Authors: Otavio T. Ranzani, Carlos R. R. Carvalho, Eliseu A. Waldman and Laura C. Rodrigues
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:41
  5. An increasing number of severe neurological complications associated with Zika virus (ZIKV), chiefly Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and primary microcephaly, have led the World Health Organization to declare a ...

    Authors: Juan-Manuel Anaya, Carolina Ramirez-Santana, Ignacio Salgado-Castaneda, Christopher Chang, Aftab Ansari and M. Eric Gershwin
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:49
  6. Improving the transparency and quality of reporting in biomedical research is considered ethically important; yet, this is often based on practical reasons such as the facilitation of peer review. Surprisingly...

    Authors: Stuart G. Nicholls, Sinéad M. Langan, Eric I. Benchimol and David Moher
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:44
  7. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, launched in 1988, is close to achieving its goal. In 2015, reported cases of wild poliovirus were limited to just two countries – Afghanistan and Pakistan. Africa has b...

    Authors: Michael J. Toole
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:43
  8. A single low dose (0.25 mg/kg) of primaquine is recommended as a gametocytocide in combination with artemisinin-based combination therapies for Plasmodium falciparum but its effect on post-treatment gametocyte ci...

    Authors: Bronner P. Gonçalves, Alfred B. Tiono, Alphonse Ouédraogo, Wamdaogo M. Guelbéogo, John Bradley, Issa Nebie, Débé Siaka, Kjerstin Lanke, Alice C. Eziefula, Amidou Diarra, Helmi Pett, Edith C. Bougouma, Sodiomon B. Sirima, Chris Drakeley and Teun Bousema
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:40
  9. High symptom burden is common in long-term care residents with dementia and results in distress and behavioral challenges if undetected. Physicians may have limited time to regularly examine all residents, par...

    Authors: Clare Ellis-Smith, Catherine J. Evans, Anna E. Bone, Lesley A. Henson, Mendwas Dzingina, Pauline M. Kane, Irene J. Higginson and Barbara A. Daveson
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:38
  10. Government- and charity-funded medical research and private sector research and development (R&D) are widely held to be complements. The only attempts to measure this complementarity so far have used data from...

    Authors: Jon Sussex, Yan Feng, Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz, Michele Pistollato, Marco Hafner, Peter Burridge and Jonathan Grant
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:32
  11. Clinical pathways (CPWs) are a common component in the quest to improve the quality of health. CPWs are used to reduce variation, improve quality of care, and maximize the outcomes for specific groups of patie...

    Authors: Adegboyega K. Lawal, Thomas Rotter, Leigh Kinsman, Andreas Machotta, Ulrich Ronellenfitsch, Shannon D. Scott, Donna Goodridge, Christopher Plishka and Gary Groot
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:35
  12. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been found to be highly effective, but no cost analysis has been undertaken to guide the design of affordable and scalable implementation strategies.

    Authors: Hendramoorthy Maheswaran, Stavros Petrou, Peter MacPherson, Augustine T. Choko, Felistas Kumwenda, David G. Lalloo, Aileen Clarke and Elizabeth L. Corbett
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:34
  13. Reviewing a surgical manuscript is not an easy task, and there is no formal training available for young referees in the early stage of their careers. Accepting a peer review assignment represents a personal h...

    Authors: Philip F. Stahel and Ernest E. Moore
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:29
  14. The intestinal microbiota is a large and diverse microbial community that inhabits the intestine, containing about 100 trillion bacteria of 500-1000 distinct species that, collectively, provide benefits to the...

    Authors: Laurent Dollé, Hao Q. Tran, Lucie Etienne-Mesmin and Benoit Chassaing
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:27
  15. To determine the shape of the associations of HbA1c with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in non-diabetic individuals and explore potential explanations.

    Authors: Ben Schöttker, W. Rathmann, C. Herder, B. Thorand, T. Wilsgaard, I. Njølstad, G. Siganos, E. B. Mathiesen, K. U. Saum, A. Peasey, E. Feskens, P. Boffetta, A. Trichopoulou, K. Kuulasmaa, F. Kee and H. Brenner
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:26
  16. Evidence-based guidelines have undergone an incredible transformation over the last number of years. Significant advances include explicit linkages of systematic evidence summaries to the strength and directio...

    Authors: Bram Rochwerg, Holger J. Schünemann and Ganesh Raghu
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:22
  17. Although life expectancy estimation is vital to decision making for localized prostate cancer, there are few, if any, valid and usable tools. Our goal was to create and validate a prediction model for other ca...

    Authors: Matthew Kent, David F. Penson, Peter C. Albertsen, Michael Goodman, Ann S. Hamilton, Janet L. Stanford, Antoinette M. Stroup, Behfar Ehdaie, Peter T. Scardino and Andrew J. Vickers
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:25
  18. In recent years, the introduction and Federal Drug Administration approval of immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies has dramatically improved the clinical outcomes for patients with advanced melanoma. These a...

    Authors: Jason M. Redman, Geoffrey T. Gibney and Michael B. Atkins
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:20
  19. Despite recent increased clinical trials activity, no regimen has proved able to replace the standard 6-month regimen for drug-sensitive tuberculosis. Understanding the relationship between microbiological mar...

    Authors: Patrick P. J. Phillips, Carl M. Mendel, Divan A. Burger, Angela M. Crook, Andrew J. Nunn, Rodney Dawson, Andreas H. Diacon and Stephen H. Gillespie
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:19

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Medicine 2016 14:36

  20. There have been no studies of the patterns of post-marketing withdrawals of medicinal products to which adverse reactions have been attributed. We identified medicinal products that were withdrawn because of a...

    Authors: Igho J. Onakpoya, Carl J. Heneghan and Jeffrey K. Aronson
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:10

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Medicine 2019 17:56

  21. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Effective treatments for IPF are limited. Several recent studies have investigated novel therap...

    Authors: Bram Rochwerg, Binod Neupane, Yuan Zhang, Carlos Cuello Garcia, Ganesh Raghu, Luca Richeldi, Jan Brozek, Joseph Beyene and Holger Schünemann
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:18
  22. Social media is fundamentally altering how we access health information and make decisions about medical treatment, including for terminally ill patients. This specifically includes the growing phenomenon of p...

    Authors: Tim K. Mackey and Virginia J. Schoenfeld
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:17
  23. Biomedical journals are the main route for disseminating the results of health-related research. Despite this, their editors operate largely without formal training or certification. To our knowledge, no body ...

    Authors: James Galipeau, Virginia Barbour, Patricia Baskin, Sally Bell-Syer, Kelly Cobey, Miranda Cumpston, Jon Deeks, Paul Garner, Harriet MacLehose, Larissa Shamseer, Sharon Straus, Peter Tugwell, Elizabeth Wager, Margaret Winker and David Moher
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:16
  24. The current WHO-led initiative to eradicate the macroparasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis (LF), based on single-dose annual mass drug administration (MDA) represents one of the largest health programs devis...

    Authors: Edwin Michael and Brajendra K. Singh
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:14
  25. First metabolomics studies have indicated that metabolic fingerprints from accessible tissues might be useful to better understand the etiological links between metabolism and cancer. However, there is still a...

    Authors: Tilman Kühn, Anna Floegel, Disorn Sookthai, Theron Johnson, Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk, Wolfgang Otto, Martin von Bergen, Heiner Boeing and Rudolf Kaaks
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:13
  26. Observational studies are essential for assessing safety. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether results of observational studies evaluating an intervention with safety outcome(s) registered at Clinic...

    Authors: Marie Baudart, Philippe Ravaud, Gabriel Baron, Agnes Dechartres, Romana Haneef and Isabelle Boutron
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:7
  27. Thyroid nodules are common, and most are benign. Given the risk of false-negative cytology (i.e. malignancy), follow-up is recommended after 1–2 years, though this recommendation is based solely on expert opin...

    Authors: Marco Medici, Xiaoyun Liu, Norra Kwong, Trevor E. Angell, Ellen Marqusee, Matthew I. Kim and Erik K. Alexander
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:11
  28. Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) encompasses several domains, including but not limited to executive function, verbal memory, and attention. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction is a freq...

    Authors: Beatrice Bortolato, Kamilla W. Miskowiak, Cristiano A. Köhler, Michael Maes, Brisa S. Fernandes, Michael Berk and André F. Carvalho
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:9
  29. Existing dementia risk scores require collection of additional data from patients, limiting their use in practice. Routinely collected healthcare data have the potential to assess dementia risk without the nee...

    Authors: K. Walters, S. Hardoon, I. Petersen, S. Iliffe, R. Z. Omar, I. Nazareth and G. Rait
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:6
  30. Multiple treatments are frequently available for a given condition, and clinicians and patients need a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of evidence for all competing treatments. We aimed to quantify the was...

    Authors: Perrine Créquit, Ludovic Trinquart, Amélie Yavchitz and Philippe Ravaud
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:8

    The Commentary to this article has been published in BMC Medicine 2016 14:59

  31. Pragmatic randomized trials aim to examine the effects of interventions in the full spectrum of patients seen by clinicians who receive routine care. Such trials should be employed in parallel with efforts to ...

    Authors: Mike English, Jamlick Karumbi, Michuki Maina, Jalemba Aluvaala, Archna Gupta, Merrick Zwarenstein and Newton Opiyo
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:5
  32. The most prescribed medications in the world are statins, lipid modifiers that have been available for over 25 years and amongst the most investigated of all drug classes. With over a million patient years of ...

    Authors: FD Richard Hobbs, Maciej Banach, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Aseem Malhotra and Simon Capewell
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:4
  33. Our previous meta-analysis found that South Asians and Blacks in the UK were at a substantially increased risk of hospital admission from asthma. These estimates were, however, derived from pooling data from a...

    Authors: Aziz Sheikh, Markus F. C. Steiner, Genevieve Cezard, Narinder Bansal, Colin Fischbacher, Colin R. Simpson, Anne Douglas and Raj Bhopal
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:3
  34. Prior to the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak, infection prevention and control (IPC) activities in Liberian healthcare facilities were basic. There was no national IPC guidance, nor dedicated staff at any level of go...

    Authors: Catherine Cooper, Dale Fisher, Neil Gupta, Rose MaCauley and Carmem L. Pessoa-Silva
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:2
  35. In the last years, thanks to the improvement in the prognosis of cancer patients, a growing attention has been given to the fertility issues. International guidelines on fertility preservation in cancer patien...

    Authors: Matteo Lambertini, Lucia Del Mastro, Maria C. Pescio, Claus Y. Andersen, Hatem A. Azim Jr., Fedro A. Peccatori, Mauro Costa, Alberto Revelli, Francesca Salvagno, Alessandra Gennari, Filippo M. Ubaldi, Giovanni B. La Sala, Cristofaro De Stefano, W. Hamish Wallace, Ann H. Partridge and Paola Anserini
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:1
  36. The relationship between chemotherapy-related toxicities and prognosis is unclear. Previous studies have examined the association of myelosuppression parameters or neuropathy with survival and reported conflic...

    Authors: Jean E. Abraham, Louise Hiller, Leila Dorling, Anne-Laure Vallier, Janet Dunn, Sarah Bowden, Susan Ingle, Linda Jones, Richard Hardy, Christopher Twelves, Christopher J. Poole, Paul D P Pharoah, Carlos Caldas and Helena M. Earl
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:306
  37. The declining efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine against Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia, along with increasing numbers of recrudescent cases, suggests resistance to both artemisinin and piperaquine. Av...

    Authors: Valentine Duru, Nimol Khim, Rithea Leang, Saorin Kim, Anais Domergue, Nimol Kloeung, Sopheakvatey Ke, Sophy Chy, Rotha Eam, Chanra Khean, Kaknika Loch, Malen Ken, Dysoley Lek, Johann Beghain, Frédéric Ariey, Philippe J. Guerin…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:305
  38. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been used in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer since the first description of its hormonal dependence in 1941. In 2004, docetaxel chemotherapy became the mainst...

    Authors: Robert J. van Soest and Ronald de Wit
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:304
  39. Predicting treatment benefit and/or outcome before any therapeutic intervention has taken place would be clinically very useful. Herein, we evaluate the ability of the intrinsic subtypes and the risk of relaps...

    Authors: Aleix Prat, Cheng Fan, Aranzazu Fernández, Katherine A. Hoadley, Rossella Martinello, Maria Vidal, Margarita Viladot, Estela Pineda, Ana Arance, Montserrat Muñoz, Laia Paré, Maggie C. U. Cheang, Barbara Adamo and Charles M. Perou
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:303
  40. Evidence-based policy ensures that the best interventions are effectively implemented. Integrating rigorous, relevant science into policy is therefore essential. Barriers include the evidence not being there; ...

    Authors: Christopher J. M. Whitty
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:301
  41. Individual participant data (IPD) from completed clinical trials should be responsibly shared to support efficient clinical research, generate new knowledge and bring benefit to patients. The Medical Research ...

    Authors: C. Tudur Smith, C. Hopkins, M. R. Sydes, K. Woolfall, M. Clarke, G. Murray and P. Williamson
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2015 13:298