Combined impact of traditional and non-traditional health behaviors on mortality: a national prospective cohort study in Spanish older adults

Table 3 Mortality risk according to number of traditional and non-traditional positive health behaviors in Spanish older adults

	Number of positive health behaviors
	0 to 1	2	3	4	5	6	P _{for trend}
3 traditional health behaviors ^a
N / deaths	871/464	1,564/518	1,030/262
Model 1- HR (95% CI)	1 (Ref.)	0.56 (0.48 to 0.65)	0.45 (0.38 to 0.53)	NA	NA	NA	<0.001
Model 2- HR (95% CI)	1 (Ref.)	0.61 (0.52 to 0.71)	0.51 (0.43 to 0.60)	NA	NA	NA	<0.001
3 non-traditional health behaviors ^b
N / deaths	615/345	1,767/613	1,083/286
Model 1- HR (95% CI)	1 (Ref.)	0.68 (0.58 to 0.80)	0.54 (0.45 to 0.65)	NA	NA	NA	<0.001
Model 2- HR (95% CI)	1 (Ref.)	0.77 (0.66 to 0.90)	0.64 (0.53 to 0.76)	NA	NA	NA	<0.001
3 traditional + 3 non-traditional health behaviors
N / deaths	91/73	257/167	604/285	1,084/367	1,029/267	400/85
Model 1- HR (95% CI)	1 (Ref.)	0.62 (0.46 to 0.83)	0.40 (0.30 to 0.53)	0.31 (0.24 to 0.41)	0.25 (0.19 to 0.33)	0.20 (0.14 to 0.27)	<0.001
Model 2- HR (95% CI)	1 (Ref.)	0.63 (0.46 to 0.85)	0.41 (0.31 to 0.55)	0.32 (0.24 to 0.42)	0.26 (0.20 to 0.35)	0.20 (0.15 to 0.28)	<0.001

CI, Confidence interval; HR, Hazard ratio. ^a Traditional health behaviors: never smoking or quitting tobacco >15 years; being very/moderately physically active; having a healthy diet score ≥ median in the cohort. ^b Non-traditional health behaviors: sleeping 7 to 8 h/d; sitting time <8 h/d; interaction with friends daily. Models 1 and 2 are adjusted as in Table 2.

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