| Derivation | Validation | Pvalue | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | n (%)a | N | n (%)a | Â | |
Age, yearsb | 1242 | 72.32 ± 9.81 | 1244 | 73.23 ± 9.51 | 0.02 |
Male sex | 1242 | 1136 (91.47) | 1242 | 1131 (91.06) | 0.72 |
Baseline FEV | 1046 | Â | 1023 | Â | Â |
≥50 |  | 367 (35.09) |  | 352 (34.41) | 0.75 |
<50 | Â | 679 (64.91) | Â | 671 (65.59) | Â |
Charlson Comorbidity Indexb | 1243 | 2.25 ± 1.55 | 1244 | 2.89 ± 1.6 | 0.79 |
Previous use of LTHOT or NIMV at home | 1243 | 424 (34.11) | 1244 | 417 (33.52) | 0.76 |
Number of COPD-related admissions in the previous 12 monthsbd | 1228 | 0.84 ± 1.37 | 1223 | 0.83 ± 1.38 | 0.65 |
Altered consciousness | 1242 | 31 (2.50) | 1243 | 39 (3.14) | 0.33 |
Presence of edema | 1164 | 225 (19.33) | 1168 | 211 (18.07) | 0.43 |
Dyspnea upon ED arrival | 1182 | 803 (67.94) | 1179 | 798 (67.68) | 0.9 |
Heart rate upon ED arrivalb | 1168 | 95.51 ± 19.35 | 1163 | 94.32 ± 18.69 | 0.1 |
Use of inspiratory accessory muscle upon ED arrival | 1243 | 248 (19.95) | 1244 | 262 (21.06) | 0.49 |
Breathing frequency upon ED arrival | 1135 | Â | 1132 | Â | 0.8 |
<20 breaths/min | Â | 186 (16.39) | Â | 188 (16.61) | Â |
20 to 24 breaths/min | Â | 506 (44.58) | Â | 489 (43.2) | Â |
>24 breaths/min | Â | 443 (39.03) | Â | 455 (40.19) | Â |
pH upon ED arrival | 1147 | Â | 1148 | Â | 0.3 |
≥7.35 |  | 986 (85.96) |  | 1005 (87.54) |  |
7.26 to 7.35 | Â | 136 (11.86) | Â | 114 (9.93) | Â |
<7.26 | Â | 25 (2.18) | Â | 29 (2.53) | Â |
PO2 upon ED arrival | 1137 | Â | 1141 | Â | 0.77 |
>60 (O2 saturation >90%) | Â | 563 (49.52) | Â | 571 (50.04) | Â |
45 to 60 (O2 saturation <90%) | Â | 420 (36.94) | Â | 427 (37.42) | Â |
≤45 |  | 154 (13.54) |  | 143 (12.53) |  |
PCO2 upon ED arrival | 1078 | Â | 1076 | Â | 0.65 |
≤45 |  | 603 (55.94) |  | 629 (58.46) |  |
45 to 55 | Â | 249 (23.1) | Â | 235 (21.84) | Â |
55 to 65 | Â | 127 (11.78) | Â | 114( 10.59) | Â |
>65 | Â | 99 (9.18) | Â | 98 (9.11) | Â |
Baseline dyspnea (MRC scale) | 1243 | Â | 1244 | Â | 0.13 |
Missing | Â | 121(9.73) | Â | 129(10.37) | Â |
Grade 1 | Â | 87 (7) | Â | 101 (8.12) | Â |
Grade 2 | Â | 321 (25.82) | Â | 279 (22.43) | Â |
Grade 3 | Â | 247 (19.87) | Â | 254 (20.42) | Â |
Grade 4 | Â | 345 (27.76) | Â | 327 (26.29) | Â |
Grade 5 | Â | 122 (9.81) | Â | 154 (12.38) | Â |
Outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Short-term mortalityc | 1243 | 30 (2.41) | 1244 | 29 (2.33) | 0.89 |
1-month mortality | 1243 | 40 (3.22) | 1244 | 48 (3.86) | 0.39 |