Reference | First author | Year | Country | Language | Study duration, days | Intervention duration, days | Study design | Study groups | Number of participants | Participants | Gender | Age, years | Body part | Training task | Focus | Measurement events | Results | Study rating | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relative change | Absolute change | ||||||||||||||||||
[132] | Allami, N | 2008 | FR | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 5 | 25 | Students | NSt | Mean = 29, range 20 to 37 | Upper limb | Grasping task | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[133] | Alves, J | 1999 | PT | E | 28 | 28 | CCT | 4 | 64 | Pupils | Both | Range 15 to 17 | Whole body | Volleyball service | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 3/10 |
[134] | Andre, C | 1986 | USA | E | 5 | 5 | CCT | 3 | 66 | Students | Male | Mean = 21 ± 3 | Whole body | Frisbee disc gold putting/throwing | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[135] | Chevalier, H | 1986 | CA/FR | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 5 | 30 | Students | Both | Undergraduate students | Upper limb | Moving computer mouse | C | 1 (post-test only) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[136] | Clark, LV | 1960 | USA | E | 28 | 21 | CCT | 2 | 144 | Pupils | Male | High-school pupils | Whole body | Pacific coast one-hand foul shot | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[137] | Clegg, BC | 2004 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | SCRD | N/A | 28 | Older adults, students | Both | Old: mean = 74, range 62 to 88; young: mean = 22, range 18 to 26 | Upper limb | Movement with stylus | M | 1 (post-test only) | N/A | → | 8/11 |
[138] | Corbin, CB | 1967 | USA | E | 28 | 21 | RCT | 3 | 30 | Pupils | Male | High-school pupils | Whole body | Wand-juggling skill | M | 2× BL, post-test, FU 1 day | ↘ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[139] | Cornwall, MW | 1991 | USA | E | 4 | 4 | RCT | 2 | 24 | Females | Female | Mean = 23, range 21 to 25 | Lower limb | Strength of quadriceps muscle | S | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[140] | Decety, J | 1991 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 2 | 20 | Students | Both | Mean = 23 ± 2 | Lower limb | Walking on beam | M | 5 (during int., post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[41] | Etnier, J | 1996 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 9 | 153 | Students | Both | Mean ± SD = 23 ± 4 | Whole body | Basketball shooting | M | 3 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[141] | Gassner, K | 2007 | DE | G | 999 | 21 | RCT | 2 | 36 | Students | Both | Mean = 24 | Lower limb | Walking with knee prosthesis | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[142] | Gordon, S | 1994 | AU | E | 21 | 21 | RCT | 3 | 64 | High-school pupils | NSt | High-school pupils | Whole body | Cricket outswing | M | 6 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[143] | Gray, SW | 1990 | USA | E | 21 | 14.0 | RCT | 2 | 24 | Males | Male | Mean = 22, range 18 to 26 | Whole body | Forehand and backhand racquetball skills | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[144] | Hellwing, W | 1976 | DE | G | 14 | 14 | CCT | 2 | 72 | Pupils | Male | Mean = 12, range 11 to 13 | Whole body | Fosbury flop | M | 1 (post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[145] | Hemayattalab, R | 2009 | IR | E | 38 | 24 | RCT | 5 | 40 | Mentally retarded children | NSt | Mean = 14, range 12 to 15 | Whole body | Basketball free throw | M | 3 (pre-post-test, FU) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[146] | Herrero, J | 2004 | ES | E | 7 | 7 | CCT | 2 | 27 | Students | Female | Mean ± SD = 20 ± 0.1 | Upper limb | Bench-press | S | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[56] | Isaac, AR | 1992 | NZ | E | 126 | 126 | CCT | 2 | 70 | Students | NSt | NSt | Whole body | Three trampoline skills | M | 6 (after 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18 weeks) | → | → | 6/10 |
[147] | Jaehme, W | 1978 | DE | G | 21 | 14 | RCT | 3 | 48 | Pupils | Male | Mean = 16 | Whole body | Crawl swimming | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[42] | Jarus, T | 2000 | IL | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 2 | 89 | Children, adults | Both | Children: mean ± SD = 10 ± 1; adults: 28 ± 5; older adults: 67 ± 2 | Upper limb | Two-arm coordination task | C | 6 (during int., FU) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[148] | Jones, JG | 1965 | AU | E | 14 | 14 | RCT | 2 | 71 | Students | Male | Students | Whole body | Hock-swing upstart | M | 2 (during int., post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[149] | Kelsey, IB | 1961 | CA | E | 22 | 2 | RCT | 3 | 36 | Students | Male | University students | Trunk, lower limb | Endurance abdominal + thigh-flexor muscles | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[150] | Kohl, RM | 1980 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 3 | 60 | Students | NSt | Mean = 21 | Upper limb | Pursuit rotor task | C | 28 (during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[150] | Kohl, RM | 1980 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 3 | 60 | Students | Male | Mean = 20 | Upper limb | Pursuit rotor task | C | 36 (during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[150] | Kohl, RM | 1980 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 6 | 108 | Pupils | Male | Mean = 17 | Upper limb | Pursuit rotor task | C | NSt | ↘ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[151] | Kornspan, AS | 2004 | USA | E | 5 | 4 | RCT | 4 | 40 | Students | Both | Mean = 20 | Whole body | Golf putting | M | 3 (pre-post-tes)t | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[152] | Kremer, P | 2009 | AU | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 4 | 209 | Students | Both | Mean ± SD = 21 ± 3 | Whole body | Dart throwing with non-preferred hand | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[153] | Krigolson, O | 2006 | CA | E | 1 | 1 | CCT | 6 | 42 | Healthy participants | NSt | Range 18 to 32 | Lower limb | Walking along walkway | M | 20 (during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[57] | Lejeune, M | 1994 | BE | E | 7 | 4 | CCT | 4 | 40 | University students + staff | Both | Mean = 22, range 19 to 27 | Whole body | Counterattack forehand and backhand (table tennis) | M | 3 (Pre-post-test, FU) | ↗ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[154] | Linden, CA | 1989 | USA | E | 14 | 8 | RCT | 2 | 23 | Healthy participants | Female | Mean = 79, range 67 to 90 | Whole body | Walking balance, equilibrium reactions | M | 3 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | → | → | 8/10 |
[45] | Lutz, R | 2001 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 5 | 120 | Students | Both | Undergraduate students | Whole body | Golf putting | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[155] | Maring, JR | 1990 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 2 | 26 | University students + staff | Both | Mean = 30; range 22 to 40 | Upper limb | Tossing a ping-pong ball to target | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[67] | Martin, KA | 1995 | CA | E | 6 | 6 | RCT | 3 | 39 | Students | Both | Mean ± SD = 27 ± 6 | Whole body | Golf putting | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[156] | McAleney, P | 1990 | USA | E | 999 | 21 | RCT | 2 | 20 | Students | Both | Mean = 19, range 18 to 20 | Whole body | Tennis shooting skills | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[157] | Minas, SC | 1978 | UK | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 4 | 32 | Students | Both | Undergraduate students | Whole body | Throwing performance | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[68] | O, J | 2008 | CA | E | 999 | 1 | RCT | 5 | 97 | Healthy students | Both | Mean ± SD = 18 ± 2 | Whole body | Dribbling a soccer ball | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[158] | Papaxanthis, PC | 2002 | FR | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 2 | 16 | Students | Both | Mean = 21, range 19 to 23 | Lower + upper limb | Walking + writing task | M | 5 (during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[159] | Phipps, SJ | 1969 | USA | E | 21 | 21 | RCT | 2 | 72 | Students | Male | University students | Whole body | Hock swing, jump-foot, soccer hitch kick | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[160] | Ranganathan, VK | 2004 | USA | E | 231 | 84 | RCT | 4 | 30 | Healthy participants | Both | Mean ± SD = 30 ± 5 | Upper limb | Muscle strength of little finger abduction, elbow flexion | S | 18 (BL, during int., FU) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[35] | Rapp, G | 1973 | DE | G | 14 | 9 | RCT | 3 | 58 | Pre-school children | Both | Mean = 6 | Whole body | Skipping | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[161] | Rawlings, E | 1972 | USA | E | 11 | 10 | RCT | 3 | 24 | Students | Female | Undergraduate students | Upper limb | Rotary pursuit tracking | C | 10 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[161] | RawlingsE | 1972 | USA | E | 10 | 9 | RCT | 2 | 20 | Students | Male | Students | Upper limb | Rotary pursuit tracking | C | 10 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[69] | Reiser, M | 2005 | DE | G | 28 | 28 | RCT | 3 | 34 | Students | Both | Mean ± SD = 24 ± 2, range 20 to 27 | Upper limb | Bench-press | S | 4 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | ↘ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[83] | Rodrigues, EC | 2010 | BR | E | 1 | 1 | CS | N/A | 18 | Students | Both | Mean = 26, range 19 to 33 | Lower limb | Plantar flexion | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 9/11 |
[162] | Ryan, E | 1981 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 3 | 39 | Students | Male | Undergraduate students | Upper limb + whole body | 'Dial-a-maze' pattern, stabilometer performance | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↘ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[163] | Ryan, E | 1982 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 6 | 80 | Traffic officers | Male | Mean = 36, range 23 to 57 | Whole body | Stabilometer performance | M | 4 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[164] | Shackell, EM | 2007 | CA | E | 21 | 10 | RCT | 3 | 30 | Students | Male | Mean ± SD = 20 ± 2 | Lower limb | Strength-training of hip flexor muscle | S | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[165] | Sidaway, B | 2005 | USA | E | 28 | 28 | RCT | 3 | 24 | Students | Both | Mean = 23, range 19 to 26 | Lower limb | Ankle dorsiflexor torque | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[166] | Singer, RN | 1970 | USA | E | 35 | 28 | RCT | 5 | 65 | Students | Female | College students | Upper limb | Learning a pursuit rotor task | C | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[167] | Smith, LE | 1962 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | CCT | 6 | 60 | Students | Male | Mean = 20, range 17 to 27 | Upper limb | Hand-eye coordination task; punchboard learning task | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[72] | Smith, D | 2001 | UK | E | 21 | 21 | RCT | 2 | 27 | Students | Both | Mean ± SD = 20 ± 3 | Whole body | Landing hockey penalty | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[71] | Smith, D | 2004 | UK | E | 49 | 49 | RCT | 3 | 19 | University students + staff | Male | Mean ± SD = 30 ± 8 | Upper limb | Strength of abductor digiti minimi | S | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[71] | Smith, D | 2004 | UK | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 4 | 24 | University students + staff | Both | Mean ± SD = 29 ± 8 | Upper limb | Barrier knock-down task | C | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[168] | Smyth, MM | 1975 | UK | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 7 | 70 | Students | Both | Undergraduate and postgraduate students | Upper limb | Mirror drawing of a star | C | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↘ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[168] | Smyth, MM | 1975 | UK | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 7 | 71 | Students | Both | Undergraduate and postgraduate students | Upper limb | Pursuit rotor task | C | 1 (post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[169] | Start, KB | 1960 | AU | E | 9 | 9 | CS | N/A | 35 | Pupils | Male | 12 | Whole body | Basketball throw | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | N/A | ↗ | 6/11 |
[170] | Start, KB | 1964 | AU | E | 7 | 6 | CS | N/A | 21 | Students | Male | Mean = 20, range 18 to 21 | Whole body | Single leg upstart on high-bar | M | 1 (post-test) | N/A | ↗ | 7/11 |
[87] | Start, KB | 1964 | AU | E | 7 | 6 | CS | N/A | 44 | Students | Male | Mean = 19, range 18 to 25 | Whole body | Single leg upstart on high-bar | M | 1 (post-test) | N/A | → | 7/11 |
[88] | Start, KB | 1964 | AU | E | 14 | 6 | CS | N/A | 32 | Students | Male | Mean = 20, range 18 to 21 | Whole body | Single leg upstart on high-bar | M | 1 (post-test) | N/A | → | 6/11 |
[171] | Stebbins, RJ | 1968 | USA | E | 42 | 21 | RCT | 5 | 93 | Students | Male | College students | Whole body | Throwing ball into target | M | 8-18 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[172] | Surburg, PR | 1968 | USA | E | 63 | 56 | CCT | 7 | 183 | Students | Male | Junior college students | Whole body | Tennis forehand drive | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[36] | Taktek, K | 2004 | CA | E | 1 | 1 | CCT | 4 | 64 | Children | Both | Mean = 9, range 8 to 10 | Upper limb | Pushing play vehicle | C | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[73] | Toussaint, L | 2010 | FR | E | 3 | 2 | RCT | 8 | 80 | Students | Both | Mean ± SD = 23 ± 3 | Lower limb | Knee joint angles | M | 3 (pre-post-test, FU) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[173] | Tunney, N | 2006 | USA | E | 2 | 2 | RCT | 2 | 19 | Older adults | Both | Mean = 76, range 66 to 89 | Lower limb | Walking with quad cane + climbing four stairs | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[174] | Twining, W | 1949 | USA | E | 22 | 20 | RCT | 3 | 36 | Students | Male | College students | Whole body | Throwing rings at target | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | -1 | ↗ | 4/10 |
[175] | van Gyn, GH | 1990 | CA | E | 42 | 42 | RCT | 4 | 40 | Students | Both | Undergraduate students | Lower limb | Power + sprint performance on ergometer | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[176] | Vandell, RA | 1943 | USA | E | 20 | 18 | RCT | 3 | 36 | Pupils and college students | Male | Junior, senior high-school and college students | Whole body | Throwing darts at target, basketball free throws | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[37] | Vergeer, I | 2006 | UK | E | 28 | 28 | RCT | 3 | 36 | University staff | Both | Mean ± SD = 41 ± 10 | Lower limb | Flexibility around hip joint | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[74] | Wakefield, CJ | 2009 | UK | E | 999 | 28 | RCT | 4 | 32 | Students | Female | University students | Whole body | Netball shooting performance | C | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[75] | White, KD | 1979 | AU | E | 9 | 8 | CCT | 4 | 24 | High-school pupils + university students | NSt | Mean = 19, range 13 to 27 | Whole body | Action-reaction swimming start | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[177] | Whiteley, G | 1966 | UK | E | 84 | 84 | CCT | 4 | 88 | Pupils | Male | Mean = 11 | Whole body | Neck spring, head spring, short-arm overswing | M | 1 (post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 3/10 |
[76] | Williams, JG | 2004 | UK | E | 21 | 21 | RCT | 3 | 24 | Undergraduate students | Both | Mean ± SD = 21 ± 2 | Lower limb | Rom hip flexion | M | 6 (pre-test, during int., post-test, FU) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[178] | Wohldamm, EL | 2007 | USA | E | 84 | 2 | CCT | 4 | 80 | Students | NSt | Undergraduate and postgraduate students | Upper limb | Number typing task | M | 2 (post-test) | → | ↗ | 4/10 |
[178] | Wohldamm, EL | 2007 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | CCT | 4 | 108 | Students | NSt | Undergraduate and postgraduate students | Upper limb | Number typing task | M | 3 (pre-test, FU) | → | ↗ | 5/10 |
[179] | Woolfolk, RL | 1985 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 6 | 48 | Students | Male | Undergraduate college students | Whole body | Putt golf balls into cup | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | → | ↗ | 7/10 |
[180] | Woolfolk, RL | 1985 | USA | E | 7 | 6 | RCT | 3 | 30 | Students | Both | College students | Whole body | Golf backswing and putting stroke | M | 2 (pre-post test) | ↗ | ↗ | 5/10 |
[77] | Wright, CJ | 2009 | UK | E | 999 | 42 | RCT | 5 | 50 | Students | NSt | Mean ± SD = 21 ± 4 | Upper limb | Biceps curl task | S | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 7/10 |
[78] | Yaguez, L | 1998 | DE | E | 1 | 1 | CCT | 2 | 58 | Volunteers | Both | Mean ± SD = 35 ± 11, range 22 to 73 | Upper limb | Ideogram drawing | C | 3 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | → | ↗ | 6/10 |
[78] | Yaguez, L | 1998 | DE | G | 1 | 1 | CCT | 2 | 52 | Volunteers | Both | Mean = 30, range 22 to 49 | Upper limb | Connecting circles | C | 3 (pre-test, during int., post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 6/10 |
[181] | Zecker, SG | 1982 | USA | E | 1 | 1 | RCT | 4 | 40 | Students | Both | Undergraduate college students | Whole body | Tossing beanbag to target | M | 2 (pre-post-test) | ↗ | ↗ | 5/10 |