From: Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis
 | Dairy intake (servings) | P for trend a | HR (95% CI) for one serving/day | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4 | ||
Skim/low-fat milk | <1/week | 1 to 4/week | 5/week to 1.4/day | ≥1.5/day |  |  |
HPFS | 0/weekc | 2.3/week | 0.9/day | 2.5/day | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 800/187,455 | 878/211,190 | 1,095/263,155 | 591/136,644 | Â | Â |
Multivariate modelb | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.35 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) |
NHS | 0.2/week | 2.6/week | 1.0/day | 2.4/day | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,434/324,753 | 2,022/478,343 | 2,932/652,108 | 1,453/299,303 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09) |
NHS II | 0.2/week | 3.0/week | 1.0/day | 2.5/day | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 629/222,580 | 1,181/414,562 | 1,490/521.220 | 651/272,879 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 0.92 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 0.006d | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04)d |
Cheese intake | <1/week | 1 to 4/week | 5/week to 1.4/day | ≥1.5/day |  |  |
HPFS | 0.6/week | 2.6/week | 0.8/day | 1.8/day | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 407/110,338 | 1,658/415,482 | 1,167/250,081 | 132/22,544 | Â | Â |
Multivariate Model | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.31) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.62) | 0.002 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) |
NHS | 0.7/week | 2.6/week | 0.8/day | 2.3/day | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 850/166,664 | 4,223/990,161 | 2,623/568,288 | 145/29,393 | Â | Â |
Multivariate Model | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.26) | 0.09 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) |
NHS II | 0.7/week | 2.6/week | 0.8/day | 1.7/day | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 364/118,132 | 1,964/751,355 | 1,499/520,280 | 124/41,475 | Â | Â |
Multivariate Model | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.80 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate Model | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00)d | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05)d | 1.08 (0.96, 1.20)d | 0.004 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) |
Yogurt | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week |  |  |
HPFS | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.0/week | 3.0/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,894/413,496 | 669/160,207 | 485/134,656 | 316/90,085 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.30 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) |
NHS | 0/month | 1.8/month | 1.2/week | 2.9/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 3,118/608,342 | 1,762/360,994 | 1,930/476,985 | 1,031/308,184 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.65, 0.86) |
NHS II | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.0/week | 2.7/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,153/354,086 | 867/299,194 | 1,174/438,017 | 757/339,945 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.02 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) |
Whole milk | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week |  |  |
HPFS | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.5/week | 5.2/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 2,492/606,198 | 323/70,991 | 215/51,858 | 334/69,398 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.25) | 0.13 | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) |
NHS | 0/month | 1.5/month | 1.05/week | 3.5/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 4,736/107,7815 | 959/207,604 | 1,091/245,503 | 1,055/223,583 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.15) | 0.05 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) |
NHS II | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.5/week | 4.7/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 3,373/122,3599 | 242/84,815 | 190/66,854 | 146/55,973 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.22) | 0.65 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.14) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.02 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) |
Ice Cream | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week |  |  |
HPFS | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.0/week | 3.0/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 778/165,934 | 1,262/287,954 | 851/218,100 | 473/126,457 | Â | Â |
Multivariate RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91) | 0.68 (0.62, 0.76) | 0.63 (0.56, 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.71, 0.99) |
NHS | 0.6/month | 1.8/month | 1.1/week | 2.8/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,282/286,271 | 2,822/626,515 | 2,518/570,309 | 1,219/271,411 | Â | Â |
Multivariate RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | 0.79 (0.72, 0.86) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) |
NHS II | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.1/week | 3.0/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,185/436,526 | 1,679/598,547 | 830/306,473 | 257/89,696 | Â | Â |
Multivariate RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.84, 0.91) | 0.78 (0.74, 0.82)d | 0.74 (0.70, 0.79)d | <0.001d | 0.78 (0.71, 0.86) |
Cream | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week |  |  |
HPFS | 0/month | 1.5/month | 1.0/week | 4.5/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 2,145/501,934 | 509/127,177 | 261/66,686 | 449/102,648 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.84 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) |
NHS | 0/month | 1.8/month | 1.1/week | 4.8/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 4,271/822,910 | 1,257/269,337 | 820/178,495 | 956/212,976 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.92 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
NHS II | 0/month | 1.5/month | 0.7/week | 3.5/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,703/590,798 | 874/305,399 | 618/215,329 | 756/319,716 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 0.46 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.88 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) |
Sherbet | <1/month | 1-3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week |  |  |
HPFS | 0/month | 1.8/month | 1.0/week | 2.4/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,386/325,655 | 1,050/251,524 | 558/136,755 | 370/84,511 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 0.13 | 0.98 (0.80, 1.21) |
NHS | 0.1/month | 1.8/month | 1.1/week | 2.8/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 3,052/609,546 | 2,081/402,796 | 1,576/335,068 | 595/136,309 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.79 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) |
NHS II | 0/month | 2.1/month | 1.3/week | 3.0/week | Â | Â |
Cases/person-years | 1,292/501,292 | 1,413/499,003 | 946/321,704 | 300/109,243 | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) | 0.24 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) |
Pooled | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Multivariate model | 1.00 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.88 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) |