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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients and association with outcome

From: Microvascular obstruction and endothelial activation are independently associated with the clinical manifestations of severe falciparum malaria in adults: an observational study

Variable

N

All n = 142

Survivors n = 95

Deaths n = 47

P b

Age (years)

141

35 (25–45)

31 (24–46)

35 (25–45)

1.00

Sex (% male)

141

71 %

74 %

64 %

0.24

Glasgow Coma Score

142

9 (6–13)

10 (8–14)

8 (4–10)

<0.001

Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

140

82 (72–93)

80 (72–90)

83 (71–97)

0.32

Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

137

30 (26–36)

30 (25–36)

32 (28–40)

0.02

Oxygen saturation (%)

138

96 (94–97)

96 (94–97)

96 (93–97)

0.39

Temperature (°C)

142

38 (37.2– 38.9)

37.9 (37.2–38.6)

38.2 (37.1–39.2)

0.25

Heart rate (beats/min)

138

109 (96–122)

107 (93–119)

117 (102–132)

0.02

Plasma sodium (mmol/L)

140

135 (132–139)

135 (132–139)

135 (132–140)

0.4

Plasma potassium (mmol/L)

139

4 (3.6–4.5)

3.9 (3.6–4.4)

4.2 (3.8–4.6)

0.05

Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

141

14.3 (8.8–24.1)

12.9 (8.2 –22)

17.9 (10.3–29.3)

0.02

Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)

140

136 (88–220)

122 (86–193)

150 (97–300)

0.16

Plasma lactate (mmol/L)

141

4.3 (2.6–6.6)

3.7 (2.2–5.1)

6.3 (4.1–10)

<0.001

Base deficit (meq/L)

140

8 (3–12)

6.5 (2–10)

12 (5–17)

<0.001

White cell count (x 109/L)

104

8.5 (6.1–10.9)

8 (5.4–10)

10.9 (7.2–11.5)

0.002

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

139

9.6 (7.8–11.3)

9.3 (8–11.2)

10.2 (7–12)

0.64

Platelet count (x 109/L)

107

36 (21–66)

43 (24–87)

27 (15–41)

0.02

Microvascular obstruction (%)a

142

11.9 (3–26.7)

8.3 (1.7–26.6)

14.9 (6.6–34.9)

0.039

PfHRP2 (ng/mL)

135

2,268 (960–4,789)

2,151 (881–4,261)

2,584 (1,075–5,946)

0.17

Parasite count (parasites/uL)

134

67,133 (20,253–274,499)

97,968 (11,681–310,546)

60,288 (24,116–176,845)

0.59

Angiopoietin-2 (ng/mL)

126

19.1 (10.8–29.1)

14.9 (9.8–29.3)

21.9 (13.4–29.4)

0.035

L-arginine (μmol/L)

126

59.6 (44.3–79.9)

59.6 (44.1–77.8)

60.1 (38.3–71.5)

0.78

ADMA (μmol/L)

126

0.77 (0.58–1.01)

0.77 (0.57–0.99)

0.77 (0.58–1.18)

0.58

L-arginine: ADMA ratio

126

73.3 (59.8–90.6)

72.7 (62.7–89.6)

73.5 (58.6–90.7)

0.43

VEGF (pg/mL)

125

27.3 (0–59.2)

24.9 (0–54.7)

34.1.7 (0–64.9)

0.93

Plasma glucose (mmol/L)

137

6.6 (5–9.2)

6.8 (5.3–9.3)

6.2 (3.6–9.1)

0.07

  1. All values represent the median (interquartile range) unless otherwise stated. aDetermined using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. The percentage of capillaries with a blood flow of <100 μm/s. bStatistical significance for a difference between survivors and non-survivors. ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; PfHRP2: Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor
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BMC Medicine

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