Between-group | N of pairwise | Number of subjects | Meta-Analysis | Heterogeneity | ||||||
BD | Controls | Hedges’ g | 95 % CI | P value | I 2 | Q | P value | |||
Mania | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mania vs. HC – all* | 19 | 605 | 792 | −0.57 | −0.99 | −0.14 | 0.010 | 92.07 | 239.69 | 0.001 |
 Mania vs. HC – drug-naïve or free* | 6 | 175 | 186 | −0.66 | −1.14 | −0.10 | 0.020 | 79.43 | 29.17 | 0.001 |
 Mania vs. HC – medicated | 14 | 430 | 628 | −0.54 | −1.09 | 0.00 | 0.051 | 92.71 | 178.41 | 0.001 |
 Mania vs. HC – serum* | 12 | 288 | 512 | −0.97 | −1.41 | −0.53 | 0.001 | 86.45 | 81.12 | 0.001 |
 Mania vs. HC – plasma | 6 | 206 | 188 | −0.03 | −0.98 | 0.95 | 0.951 | 94.73 | 94.94 | 0.001 |
 Mania vs. HC – plasma Barbosa excluded* | 4 | 124 | 92 | −0.72 | −1.27 | −0.17 | 0.001 | 70.06 | 10.02 | 0.018 |
 Mania vs. HC – whole-blood | 2 | 144 | 153 | 0.12 | −0.11 | 0.35 | 0.296 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 Mania vs. HC – age-/sex-matched | 14 | 488 | 551 | −0.46 | −0.99 | 0.07 | 0.073 | 93.09 | 202.40 | 0.001 |
 Mania vs. HC – not age-/sex-matched* | 5 | 117 | 241 | −0.84 | −1.51 | −0.18 | 0.042 | 86.17 | 28.90 | 0.001 |
Depression | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Depression vs. HC – all* | 15 | 352 | 722 | −0.93 | −1.37 | −0.50 | 0.001 | 87.88 | 107.27 | 0.001 |
 Depression vs. HC – drug-naïve or free* | 3 | 47 | 210 | −1.24 | −1.88 | −0.61 | 0.001 | 64.24 | 5.59 | 0.061 |
 Depression vs. HC – medicated* | 13 | 305 | 534 | −0.90 | −1.59 | −0.55 | 0.001 | 88.40 | 95.51 | 0.001 |
 Depression vs. HC – serum* | 12 | 305 | 519 | −0.72 | −1.17 | −0.27 | 0.002 | 87.53 | 114.67 | 0.001 |
 Depression vs. HC – plasma* | 3 | 47 | 203 | −1.94 | −3.38 | −0.49 | 0.009 | 90.25 | 20.51 | 0.001 |
 Depression vs. HC – age-/sex-matched* | 10 | 245 | 501 | −0.81 | −1.29 | −0.35 | 0.001 | 82.26 | 45.11 | 0.001 |
 Depression vs. HC – not age-/sex-matched* | 5 | 107 | 221 | −1.23 | −2.30 | −0.17 | 0.023 | 93.18 | 58.73 | 0.001 |
 Depression vs. HC – only BD type I* | 12 | 219 | 369 | −1.27 | −1.80 | −0.72 | 0.001 | 86.05 | 71.70 | 0.001 |
Euthymia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Euthymia vs. HC – all | 24 | 1598 | 1459 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.24 | 0.569 | 81.19 | 122.29 | 0.001 |
 Euthymia vs. HC – serum | 16 | 980 | 1022 | −0.04 | −0.16 | 0.17 | 0.689 | 86.67 | 69.66 | 0.001 |
 Euthymia vs. HC – plasma | 8 | 618 | 437 | 0.26 | −0.12 | 0.65 | 0.626 | 86.67 | 52.51 | 0.001 |
 Euthymia vs. HC – age-/sex-matched | 16 | 658 | 733 | 0.02 | −0.29 | 0.33 | 0.894 | 87.41 | 119.19 | 0.001 |
 Euthymia vs. HC – not age-/sex-matched | 7 | 919 | 700 | −0.06 | −0.40 | 0.26 | 0.702 | 88.18 | 50.75 | 0.001 |
 Euthymia vs. HC – only BD type I | 16 | 631 | 757 | 0.01 | −0.30 | 0.32 | 0.319 | 87.00 | 115.43 | 0.001 |
 Euthymia vs. HC – only BD type II | 2 | 31 | 48 | −0.36 | −1.46 | 0.73 | 0.729 | 81.66 | 5.45 | 0.001 |
Mixed State | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mixed state vs. HC – all | 3 | 44 | 169 | 0.09 | −0.57 | 0.75 | 0.787 | 69.14 | 6.48 | 0.039 |
Moderators between-group | N of pairwise | Number of subjects | Meta-regression | Meta-regression | ||||||
BD | Controls | Slope | 95Â % CI | P value | Intercept | Z | P value | |||
Mania | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age of BD patients – all* | 19 | 605 | 792 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.005 | −3.41 | −3.27 | 0.001 |
 Age of BD patients – Barbosa excluded | 17 | 523 | 696 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.305 | −1.93 | −1.54 | 0.123 |
 Age of controls – all | 19 | 605 | 792 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.165 | −2.14 | −1.85 | 0.064 |
 Age difference(BD-HC) – all* | 19 | 605 | 792 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.004 | −0.61 | −3.15 | 0.001 |
 Age difference(BD-HC) – Barbosa excluded | 17 | 523 | 696 | 0.08 | −0.07 | 0.24 | 0.295 | −0.74 | −3.86 | 0.001 |
 %Females (Patients)– all | 17 | 579 | 760 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.288 | −1.33 | −1.76 | 0.076 |
 %Females (HC) – all | 17 | 579 | 760 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.811 | −0.75 | −0.96 | 0.332 |
 Difference in %females (BD-HC) – all | 17 | 579 | 760 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.250 | −0.54 | −2.25 | 0.023 |
 Mean illness duration (years) – all | 13 | 481 | 568 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 0.070 | −1.60 | −2.27 | 0.023 |
 Sample size– all | 19 | 605 | 792 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.126 | −1.09 | −2.68 | 0.009 |
 YMRS scores – all* | 17 | 583 | 750 | −0.09 | −0.15 | −0.03 | 0.004 | 2.44 | 2.33 | 0.019 |
 YMRS scores – plasma* | 5 | 192 | 176 | −0.09 | −0.16 | −0.01 | 0.017 | 2.96 | 2.47 | 0.013 |
 YMRS scores – serum | 10 | 247 | 421 | −0.07 | −0.15 | 0.00 | 0.052 | 1.63 | 1.18 | 0.235 |
Depression | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age of BD patients – all | 14 | 346 | 702 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.681 | −1.41 | −1.21 | 0.225 |
 Age of controls – all | 14 | 346 | 702 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.996 | −1.00 | −0.76 | 0.445 |
 Age difference(BD-HC) – all | 14 | 346 | 702 | 0.08 | −0.07 | 0.24 | 0.262 | −1.22 | −3.99 | 0.001 |
 %Females (HC) – all | 14 | 346 | 702 | −0.00 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.850 | −1.03 | −1.62 | 0.104 |
 %Females (Patients) – all | 14 | 346 | 702 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.782 | −1.28 | −2.30 | 0.020 |
 Difference in %females (BD-HC) – all | 14 | 346 | 702 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.193 | −0.95 | −3.68 | 0.001 |
 Mean illness duration (years) – all* | 5 | 103 | 359 | −0.14 | −0.20 | −0.07 | 0.001 | −2.47 | 3.44 | 0.001 |
 Sample size – all | 15 | 352 | 722 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.070 | −1.60 | −3.74 | 0.001 |
 Year of publication – all | 15 | 352 | 722 | 0.03 | −0.14 | 0.19 | 0.726 | −61.80 | −0.35 | 0.722 |
 HDRS scores – all* | 13 | 311 | 609 | −0.23 | −042 | −0.04 | 0.018 | 4.40 | 1.93 | 0.053 |
 HDRS scores – serum | 11 | 274 | 427 | −0.12 | −0.35 | 0.09 | 0.265 | 1.70 | 0.60 | 0.542 |
Euthymia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age of BD patients – all | 24 | 1598 | 1459 | −0.00 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.950 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.831 |
 Age of controls – all | 24 | 1598 | 1459 | −0.00 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.802 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.712 |
 Age difference(BD-HC) – all | 24 | 1598 | 1459 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.537 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.676 |
 %Females (HC) – all | 23 | 1425 | 1197 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.878 | −0.03 | −0.05 | 0.995 |
 %Females (Patients) – all | 23 | 1425 | 1197 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.690 | −0.26 | −0.40 | 0.684 |
 Difference in %females (BD-HC) – all | 23 | 1425 | 1197 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.555 | 0.06 | 0.68 | 0.495 |
 Number of mood episodes – all | 5 | 206 | 220 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.833 | −0.24 | −0.58 | 0.557 |
 Illness duration (years) – all | 13 | 831 | 696 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.577 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.992 |
 Illness duration (years) – excluding Barbosa 2010, 2012, 2013 | 10 | 739 | 575 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.496 | 0.13 | 0.48 | 0.630 |
 Sample size – all | 24 | 1598 | 1459 | −0.00 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.530 | 0.12 | 0.85 | 0.390 |