Fig. 2

The fetoplacental microbiome in various pregnancy complications involving the placenta. Examples of specific disease-associated species are shown. a Bacteria are found in the placenta (Streptococcus avermitilis), fetal membranes (Fusobacterium nucleatum), and amniotic fluid (Ureaplasma parvum) in cases of premature labor and premature rupture of membranes. b Bacteria are present in amniotic fluid (Mycoplasma hominis) in small-for-gestational-age (intrauterine growth restriction) fetuses. c Bacteria are present in the placenta (Gardnerella vaginalis) and amniotic fluid (Sneathia/Leptotrichia spp) in cases of preeclampsia. A pregnant woman is illustrated, exhibiting headache, edema, and petechia