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Table 9 Bivariate associations between socio-demographics correlates and DSM-IV SAD (low/lower-middle income countries)

From: The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative

Correlates

30-day SADa

Lifetime SADb

12-month SAD among lifetime casesc

30-day SAD among 12-month casesc

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

Age-cohort

 18–29

6.7*

(2.9–15.5)

7.1*

(4.3–11.6)

    

 30–44

4.8*

(2.1–11.0)

4.7*

(2.8–7.7)

    

 45–59

3.6*

(1.4–8.9)

3.2*

(1.9–5.5)

    

 60+

1.0

 

1.0

     

Age-cohort differenced

χ2 3 = 26.6*, P < 0.001

χ2 3 = 74.7*, P < 0.001

  

Age of onset

 Early

    

2.7*

(1.3–5.5)

1.3

(0.6–2.8)

 Early-average

    

1.4

(0.8–2.4)

1.4

(0.7–3.2)

 Late-average

    

1.1

(0.6–1.9)

1.4

(0.7–2.8)

 Late

    

1.0

 

1.0

 

Age of onset differenced

    

χ2 3 = 9.3*, P = 0.026

χ2 3 = 1.3, P = 0.721

Time since onset (continuous)

    

0.98*

(0.96–0.99)

0.99

(0.97–1.02)

     

χ2 1 = 7.4*, P = 0.007

χ2 1 = 0.3, P = 0.573

Gender

 Female

1.4

(0.9–2.1)

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

1.5

(1.0–2.2)

1.1

(0.7–1.9)

 Male

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Gender differenced

χ2 1 = 2.8, P = 0.092

χ2 1 = 1.3, P = 0.255

χ2 1 = 3.7, P = 0.055

χ2 1 = 0.2, P = 0.679

Employment status

        

 Student

1.4

(0.6–3.1)

1.1

(0.6–1.8)

1.7

(0.6–4.8)

3.7*

(1.3–10.8)

 Homemaker

1.4

(0.8–2.4)

1.0

(0.8–1.4)

1.7

(0.9–3.2)

1.3

(0.6–3.0)

 Retired

0.7

(0.3–1.9)

1.9

(1.0–3.8)

0.6

(0.2–1.5)

0.7

(0.3–2.2)

 Other

1.0

(0.6–1.7)

1.0

(0.7–1.3)

2.4*

(1.2–4.9)

0.8

(0.4–1.7)

 Employed

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Employment status differenced

χ2 4 = 2.7, P = 0.606

χ2 4 = 4.2, P = 0.387

χ2 4 = 9.9*, P = 0.043

χ2 4 = 7.4, P = 0.115

Marital status

 Never married

1.1

(0.7–1.7)

1.4*

(1.1–1.8)

0.8

(0.5–1.3)

1.0

(0.5–1.8)

 Divorced/separated/widowed

1.3

(0.8–2.1)

1.3

(0.9–1.8)

1.0

(0.5–2.1)

1.2

(0.5–2.7)

 Currently married

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Marital status differenced

χ2 2 = 0.8, P = 0.664

χ2 2 = 7.4*, P = 0.025

χ2 2 = 1.0, P = 0.613

χ2 2 = 0.2, P = 0.927

Education level

 No education

1.2

(0.4–3.1)

0.9

(0.5–1.8)

–

–

1.1

(0.3–3.6)

 Some primary

1.4

(0.6–3.2)

0.9

(0.5–1.4)

1.5

(0.6–4.2)

2.8

(0.9–8.9)

 Primary finished

1.9

(0.8–4.1)

1.1

(0.7–1.8)

1.6

(0.7–3.7)

2.0

(0.7–6.2)

 Some secondary

1.2

(0.5–2.5)

0.9

(0.6–1.3)

1.5

(0.7–3.3)

1.0

(0.5–2.4)

 Secondary finished

0.9

(0.5–1.7)

1.0

(0.7–1.4)

1.5

(0.8–2.9)

0.8

(0.4–1.6)

 Some college

0.6

(0.3–1.0)

0.8

(0.6–1.2)

1.1

(0.5–2.1)

0.5

(0.2–1.3)

 College finished

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Education level differenced

χ2 3 = 12.2, P = 0.058

χ2 3 = 2.6, P = 0.856

χ2 3 = 3.5, P = 0.739

χ2 3 = 8.9, P = 0.181

Household income

 Low

0.9

(0.5–1.6)

0.9

(0.6–1.2)

1.2

(0.6–2.3)

1.2

(0.6–2.6)

 Low-average

1.2

(0.6–2.1)

0.9

(0.7–1.3)

2.0*

(1.0–4.1)

0.9

(0.4–2.1)

 High-average

0.9

(0.5–1.5)

0.9

(0.7–1.2)

1.8

(0.9–3.6)

0.7

(0.4–1.4)

 High

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Household income differenced

χ2 3 = 1.4, P = 0.709

χ2 3 = 1.0, P = 0.800

χ2 3 = 5.9, P = 0.117

χ2 3 = 2.4, P = 0.498

N e

36,498

1,426,232

564

349

  1. *Significant at the 0.05 level, two-sided test
  2. aThese estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, and low/lower-middle income countries
  3. bThese estimates are based on survival models adjusted for age-cohorts, gender, person-years, and low/lower-middle income countries
  4. cThese estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for time since SAD onset, age of SAD onset, gender, and low/lower-middle income countries
  5. dChi-square test exploring significant differences between blocks of socio-demographic variables
  6. eDenominator N: 36,498 = total sample; 1,426,232 = number of person-years in the survival model; 564 = number of lifetime cases of SAD; 349 = number of 12-month cases of SAD
  7. A dash was inserted for low cell counts (<5 cases)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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