Table 1 The participants’ characteristics and demographics by ethnicity

 Age (years)

34.5 (4.1)

36.5 (4.9)

< 0.001

 Time since index pregnancy (months)^a

16.1 (12.5)

18.3 (11.2)

0.104

 Weight (kg)

73.9 (14.5)

81.7 (19.6)

0.001

 Height (cm)

159.5 (6.3)

166.9 (6.1)

< 0.001

 BMI (kg/m²)

29.0 (5.3)

29.3 (6.8)

0.688

 Waist circumference (cm)

97.0 (11.6)

96.1 (14.0)

0.605

 Waist/hip ratio

0.91 (0.07)

0.88 (0.09)

0.033

 FPG at OGTT

5.8 (0.7)

5.7 (0.8)

0.136

 2-h OGTT glucose

8.7 (2.7)

7.9 (2.6)

0.013

 HbA_1c (mmol/mol)

(39 (5))

37 (4)

< 0.001

 HbA_1c [%]

[5.7 (2.6)]

[5.5 (2.5)]

< 0.001

 Parity

2.1 (1.0)

1.7 (0.7)

< 0.001

 GDM prior to the index pregnancy

51 [32]

24 [22]

0.096

 1.degree relatives w/diabetes

115/155 [74]

22/91 [24]

< 0.001

 Tertiary educated (college/university)

87 [53]

81 [75]

< 0.001

 Years of education

14.8 (3.3)

16.8 (3.0)

< 0.001

 Employed

89 [55]

99 [92]

< 0.001

 Pre-pregnancy age (years)

33.4 (4.1)

35.2 (4.7)

< 0.001

 Self-reported pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

70.6 (13.8)

79.3 (18.0)

< 0.001

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (based on self-reported weight)

27.6 (5.0)

28.4 (6.2)

0.242

 Ethnicity-specific pre-pregnancy overweight ± obesity (based on self-reported weight)

137 [84.0]

73 [67.6]

< 0.001

 Last weight reported before delivery (kg)

80.8 (14.0)

90.0 (16.8)

< 0.001

 Gestational weight gain (kg)

10.2 (5.8)

10.7 (7.1)

0.594

 Pregnancy FPG at OGTT

5.5 (0.7)

5.3 (0.7)

0.017

 Pregnancy 2-h OGTT glucose

9.3 (1.8)

9.0 (1.7)

0.108

 Breastfeeding (months)^a

9.4 (10)

11.0 (7.8)

0.738

 Insulin ± metformin use in pregnancy

89 [55]

40 [37]

0.005

 Insulin use in pregnancy

65 [40]

34 [31]

0.160