Fig. 2
From: Non-invasive assessment of HFpEF in mouse models: current gaps and future directions
Methods to assess LVEF in mice by echocardiography. A Bidimensional short axis (SAX) view of the left ventricle (LV) highlighting visualized structures: myocardial area, LV cavity, and papillary muscles. B Line position to measure LVEF in SAX view in M-mode. C M-mode of the LV with the end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter measurements in SAX view. In the left part, the endocardial border of the anterior and posterior walls is marked with a yellow dotted line. D Bidimensional long axis (LAX) view of the LV at the end of diastole and E systole in the same cardiac cycle. The dotted yellow lines mark the endocardial surfaces to obtain the end-diastolic and end-systolic areas. LV, left ventricle; M, myocardial; PM, papillary muscles; EDD, end-diastolic diameter; ESD, end-systolic diameter; EDA, end-diastolic area; ESA, end-systolic area. LA, left atrium