Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by HIV exposure
Variable | Total N = 162 | HEU children N = 70 | HU children N = 92 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Child age at scan, months | 34.1 (1.7) | 33.8 (1.8) | 34.3 (1.7) | 0.096 |
Sex | ||||
 Female | 68 (42.0%) | 24 (34.3%) | 44 (47.8%) |  |
 Male | 94 (58.0%) | 46 (65.7%) | 48 (52.2%) | 0.084 |
Site | ||||
 TC Newman | 48 (29.6%) | 5 (7.1%) | 43 (46.7%) |  |
 Mbekweni | 114 (70.4%) | 65 (92.9%) | 49 (53.3%) |  < 0.001* |
Monthly household income (ZAR) | ||||
 < R1000 (< ~ $75) | 51 (31.5%) | 24 (34.3%) | 27 (29.4%) |  |
 > R1000 | 111 (68.5%) | 46 (65.7%) | 65 (70.7%) | 0.503 |
Maternal education | ||||
 Any secondary | 108 (66.7%) | 51 (72.9%) | 57 (62.0%) |  |
 Completed secondary | 54 (33.3%) | 19 (27.1%) | 35 (38.0%) | 0.145 |
Maternal employment status (employed) | 44 (27.2%) | 17 (24.3%) | 27 (29.4%) | 0.473 |
Maternal age at birth, years | 28.0 (5.6) | 29.6 (4.9) | 26.8 (5.8) | 0.002* |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 32 (19.8%) | 9 (12.9%) | 23 (25.0%) | 0.054 |
Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy | 24 (18.2%) | 7 (13.5%) | 17 (21.3%) | 0.257 |
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months) | 1.8 (1.8) | 1.6 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.5) | 0.097 |
Anthropometry | ||||
Birthweight, kg | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 0.291 |
Birth head circumference, cm | 33.6 (2.0) | 33.3 (1.9) | 33.9 (2.0) | 0.061 |
Weight at scan, kg | 13.9 (1.9) | 13.9 (2.0) | 13.8 (1.9) | 0.629 |
Head circumference at scan, cm | 49.8 (1.8) | 49.8 (1.8) | 49.7 (1.8) | 0.969 |
Neuroanatomical variables | ||||
 Total intracranial volume, mean (SD), cm3 | 1214 (118) | 1208 (116) | 1219 (119) | 0.586 |
Maternal and child HIV variables | ||||
Maternal CD4 in pregnancy, median (IQR) (cells/mm3) |  | 476 (344—677) |  | - |
 < 350 cells/mm3 |  | 17 (27.9%) |  | - |
 350–500 cells/mm3 |  | 16 (26.2%) |  | - |
 ≥ 500 cells/ mm3 |  | 28 (45.9%) |  | - |
Maternal Viral load (VL) in pregnancy | ||||
 Lower than detectable (< 40 copies/mL) |  | 44 (77.2%) |  | - |
 VL detectable (≥ 40–1000 copies/mL) |  | 7 (12.3%) |  | - |
 Virally unsuppressed (> 1000 copies/mL) |  | 6 (10.5%) |  | - |
Timing of antiretroviral drug initiation | ||||
 Before conception |  | 31 (44.3%) |  | - |
 During pregnancy |  | 39 (55.7%) |  | - |
Antiretroviral regimen during pregnancy | ||||
 Monotherapy with AZT [zidovudine] |  | 1 (1.4%) |  | - |
 2 NRTIs + NNRTI [1st line] |  | 68 (97.1%) |  | - |
 2 NRTIs + PI [2nd line] |  | 1 (1.4%) |  | - |
Infant prophylaxis | ||||
 NVP [nevirapine] alone |  | 56 (80.0%) |  | - |
 NVP + AZT |  | 14 (20.0%) |  | - |