Study (year) | Country | Group | Age Mean (SD) | Female (%) | N | Duration (month) | n-3 PUFA (mg/day) | Cognitive measures used | Corresponding domain | Notes | Summary RoB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrieu (2017) [53] | France | DHA, EPA | 75.6 (4.7) | 64 | 320 | 36 | 1025 | MMSE, FCSRT, CNT, DSST, TMT-A | GLO, MEM, EF, PS, ATT | Low | |
Placebo | 75.1 (4.3) | 66 | 325 | ||||||||
Arellanes (2020) [36] | USA | DHA | 68.5 (58,90)* | 89 | 15 | 6 | 2152 | MoCA, CVLT, TMT-B, TMT-A | GLO, MEM, EF, ATT | CN at baseline | Unclear |
Placebo | 69 (58,79)* | 73 | 14 | ||||||||
Bischoff-Ferrari (2020) [54] | Europe | DHA, EPA | 74.7 (4.3) | 62.3 | 1073 | 12, 24, 36 | 990 | MoCA | GLO | Low | |
Placebo | 75.2 (4.6) | 61.2 | 1084 | ||||||||
Bo (2017) [45] | China | DHA, EPA | 71.8 (5.68) | 40.9 | 44 | 6 | 1200 | BCAT, RM, MAE, PCT, SIE | GLO, MEM, EF, PS, VSF | MCI at baseline | Unclear |
Placebo | 70.5 (6.82) | 40.5 | 42 | ||||||||
Chew (2015) [51] | USA | DHA, EPA | 72.7 (7.7) | 58.8 | 1226 | 12 | 1000 | TICS | GLO | Low | |
Placebo | 72.7 (7.8) | 56.2 | 1235 | ||||||||
Dadova (2022) [55] | Czech Republic | DHA, EPA | 70.8 (3.6) | 100 | 27 | 4 | 230 | POBAV | MEM | Only women | Unclear |
Placebo | 71.2 (4.0) | 100 | 25 | ||||||||
Dangour (2010) [52] | UK | DHA, EPA | 74.7 (2.5) | 46.6 | 376 | 24 | 700 | GCF, CVLT, VF, SLM, DSF | GLO, MEM, EF, PS, ATT | Low | |
Placebo | 74.6 (2.7) | 43.4 | 372 | ||||||||
Geleijnse (2012) [56] | Netherlands | DHA, EPA | 69.2 (5.4) | 33 | 627 | 10 | 400 | MMSE | GLO | Low | |
Placebo | 68.9 (5.4) | 20 | 638 | ||||||||
Hashimoto (2016) [49] | Japan | DHA | 87.6 (3.3) | 88.4 | 39 | 6, 12 | 1720 | MMSE | GLO | Unclear | |
Placebo | 89.6 (5.1) | 84.4 | 27 | ||||||||
Hashimoto (2021) [37] | Japan | ALA | 71 (65, 83)* | 54.8 | 35 | 12 | 4000 | FAB | EF | CN at baseline | High |
Placebo | 71 (64, 84)* | 51.5 | 24 | ||||||||
Howe (2018) [57] | Australia | DHA, EPA | 63.2 (1.6) | 31.6 | 19 | 5 | 2000 | Corresponding Z scores (See Table S2) | GLO, EF, PS | Borderline hypertensive adults | Low |
Placebo | 64.1 (2.3) | 31.6 | 19 | ||||||||
Ichinose (2021) [38] | Japan | DHA, EPA | 69.1 (5.3) | 53.8 | 26 | 12 | 434 (297, 137) | MMSE | GLO | CN at baseline | Low |
Placebo | 69.1 (4.9) | 55.6 | 27 | ||||||||
Kuszewski (2020) [58] | Australia | DHA, EPA | 65.8 (1.4) | 53 | 26 | 4 | 2400 | RAVLT, Cognitive flexibility | MEM, EF | Low | |
Placebo | 65.8 (1.4) | 56 | 26 | ||||||||
Lee (2013) [46] | Malaysia | DHA, EPA | 66.4 (5.1) | 82.4 | 17 | 6, 12 | 1750 | Corresponding Z scores (see Table S2) | MEM, EF, PS, VSF | MCI at baseline | Low |
Placebo | 63.5 (3.0) | 72.2 | 18 | ||||||||
Macpherson (2022) [59] | Australia | DHA, EPA | 70.0 (6.3) | 70 | 69 | 6 | 1500 | MoCA, TMT-B, CPF-z, TMT-A | GLO, EF, PS, ATT | Intervened only 6 months. Next 6 months was without n-3 PUFA | Low |
Placebo | 70.5 (5.9) | 70 | 72 | ||||||||
Mengelberg (2022) [47] | New Zealand | DHA, EPA | 72.3 (6.2) | 53 | 30 | 12 | 1842 | RTot, RDM, TMT-B, DSF, RVC | GLO, MEM, EF, ATT, VSF | Low | |
Placebo | 734. (7.0) | 63 | 30 | ||||||||
Ogawa (2023) [39] | Japan | ALA | 71.9 (3.7) | 46.7 | 30 | 3 | 2200 | MMSE, WMSR-VM, LF, WAIS-PSI, WMSR-AC, WAIS-PRI | GLO, MEM, EF, PS, ATT, VSF | Low | |
Placebo | 72.1 (4.3) | 53.3 | 30 | ||||||||
Power (2022) [40] | Ireland | DHA, EPA | 69.0 (4.4) | 56.7 | 28 | 24 | 520 | RTot, SWM, SRT, | GLO, EF, PS | CN at baseline | Low |
Placebo | 69.8 (3.7) | 70.0 | 22 | ||||||||
Sala-Vila (2020) [50] | USA | ALA | 69.4 (3.8) | 67.4 | 324 | 6 | 1206 | RAVLT, SF, SDMT, TMT-A, block design | MEM, EF, PS, ATT, VSF | Constituents were determined by FoodData Central** CN at baseline | High |
Placebo | 68.9 (3.5) | 68.5 | 312 | ||||||||
Sinn (2012) [48] | Australia | DHA | 74.2 (7.0) | 28 | 16 | 6 | 1950/1830 | ILFC | EF | MCI at baseline | Unclear |
EPA | 74.9 (5.1) | 18 | 13 | ||||||||
Placebo | 73.0 (4.0) | 53 | 15 | ||||||||
Tokuda (2020) [42] | Japan | DHA, EPA | 67.8 (0.8) | 66.7 | 27 | 6 | 400 | WMS-verbal delayed, VF, TMT-A | MEM, EF, ATT | CN at baseline | Low |
Placebo | 67.7 (1.1) | 52.38 | 21 | ||||||||
Valls-Pedret (2015) [43] | Spain | ALA | 66.7 (5.3) | 48.2 | 112 | 36 | 402.225 | MMSE, RAVLT, VF, DSF | GLO, MEM, EF, ATT | Constituents were determined by FoodData Central** CN at baseline | Unclear |
Placebo | 67.9 (5.4) | 52.8 | 127 | ||||||||
van de Rest (2008) [60] | Netherlands | DHA, EPA | 69.9 (3.4) | 45 | 96 | 3.25, 6.5 | 400, 1800 | Corresponding Z scores (see Table S2) | MEM, EF, ATT | Low | |
Placebo | 70.1 (3.7) | 44 | 103 | ||||||||
Yurko-Mauro (2010) [44] | USA | DHA | 70 (9.3) | 23.14 | 219 | 6 | 300 | MMSE, VRM, SOC | GLO, MEM, EF | CN at baseline | Unclear |
Placebo | 70 (8.7) | 24.69 | 218 |