Table 1 Baseline characteristic of the enrolled participants according to different lifestyle categories

Age, years

58.43 ± 8.80

58.87 ± 8.27

58.79 ± 8.90

55.85 ± 8.16

< 0.001

Male sex

3247 (46.39%)

511 (62.47%)

2484 (46.80%)

252 (28.83%)

< 0.001

Education^a

< 0.001

 Primary school and below

5647 (70.47%)

518 (63.33%)

3700 (69.72%)

641 (73.34%)

 Junior high school

1592 (19.87%)

200 (24.45%)

1087 (20.48%)

141 (16.13%)

 High school and above

774 (9.66%)

100 (12.22%)

520 (9.80%)

92 (10.53%)

Residence

< 0.001

 Rural

4662 (66.60%)

467 (57.09%)

3580 (67.45%)

615 (70.37%)

 Urban

2338 (33.40%)

351 (42.91%)

1728 (32.55%)

259 (29.63%)

Per capita household annual income^a, RMB

5513.33 (1899.38–13,500.00)

6867.67 (2333.33–15,333.33)

5245.71 (1815.83–13,265.00)

5920.00 (2056.25–13,500.00)

< 0.001

Smoking

2678 (38.26%)

540 (66.01%)

2020 (38.06%)

118 (13.50%)

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption

< 0.001

 Drink more than once a month

1829 (26.13%)

296 (36.19%)

1377 (25.94%)

156 (17.85%)

 Drink less than once a month

575 (8.21%)

62 (7.58%)

440 (8.29%)

73 (8.35%)

 Never drink

4596 (65.66%)

460 (56.23%)

3491 (65.77%)

645 (73.80%)

Physical activity

2016 (28.80%)

33 (4.03%)

1389 (26.17%)

594 (67.96%)

< 0.001

Nighttime sleep duration^a

6.39 ± 1.89

6.40 ± 1.86

6.39 ± 1.90

6.39 ± 1.85

0.892

Solid fuel use for cooking^a

4012 (57.75%)

407 (50.12%)

3095 (58.73%)

510 (58.96%)

< 0.001

CES-D score^a

8.04 ± 6.12

7.11 ± 5.82

8.04 ± 6.09

8.95 ± 6.42

< 0.001

BMI^a, kg/m²

23.49 ± 3.81

26.48 ± 3.82

23.32 ± 3.73

21.75 ± 2.59

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

128.32 ± 20.84

141.60 ± 18.29

128.96 ± 20.50

112.01 ± 13.37

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

74.98 ± 12.00

82.53 ± 11.12

75.22 ± 11.65

66.40 ± 9.35

< 0.001

TC, mg/dL

194.01 ± 38.40

226.35 ± 40.33

192.59 ± 36.77

172.39 ± 24.96

< 0.001

Triglycerides, mg/dL

104.43 (74.34–152.22)

147.79 (102.66–230.10)

103.55 (74.34–148.68)

83.19 (62.84–114.17)

< 0.001

LDL-C, mg/dL

116.76 ± 34.53

137.77 ± 40.05

115.98 ± 33.73

101.93 ± 22.56

< 0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL

51.48 ± 15.32

47.31 ± 15.78

51.80 ± 15.40

53.46 ± 13.60

< 0.001

Blood glucose, mg/dL

109.64 ± 34.94

128.59 ± 47.92

109.27 ± 33.61

94.16 ± 13.87

< 0.001

Hs-CRP, mg/dL

0.98 (0.53–2.02)

1.46 (0.77–2.88)

0.97 (0.54–1.99)

0.67 (0.41–1.31)

< 0.001

Chronic lung disease^a

595 (8.51%)

68 (8.31%)

463 (8.73%)

64 (7.33%)

0.449

Lipids lowering therapy

243 (3.47%)

60 (7.33%)

166 (3.13%)

17 (1.95%)

< 0.001

Ambient air pollutants

 PM₁, μg/m³

39.97 ± 13.80

42.01 ± 13.64

39.87 ± 13.82

38.69 ± 13.64

< 0.001

 PM₁₀, μg/m³

93.44 ± 28.05

97.49 ± 27.98

93.32 ± 27.99

90.33 ± 28.05

< 0.001

 PM_2.5, μg/m³

52.61 ± 15.86

54.57 ± 15.61

52.61 ± 15.82

50.84 ± 16.08

< 0.001

 NO₂, μg/m³

29.23 ± 10.79

31.15 ± 10.74

29.20 ± 10.76

27.57 ± 10.74

< 0.001

 O₃, μg/m³

95.33 ± 6.49

95.77 ± 7.05

95.26 ± 6.46

95.30 ± 6.11

0.145