Fig. 2
From: Malaria vaccination: hurdles to reach high-risk children
Summary of vaccination coverage and data inconsistency in national immunization in Africa, 2000–2022. a Overall vaccination coverage index. The color of the surface of each country denotes the national overall vaccination coverage index calculated by averaging the coverage indices across vaccines and then over the years, using the geometric mean. Thirty out of 54 countries had overall vaccination coverage < 80%. b Temporal evolution of national vaccination coverage. The color denotes the median Spearman’s ρ (rs). rs > 0 indicates that overall national vaccination coverage (i.e., the geometric mean of vaccine-specific coverage indices) tends to increase over time and vice versa. Twenty-three countries had a negative evolution of overall vaccination coverage. c Vaccination coverage data inconsistency. The color denotes the average Euclidean distance (in percentage points) in coverage indices between different sources measuring the same quantity in the same country-year, averaged across vaccines and then over the years using the arithmetic mean. Fourteen countries had data inconsistency > 10 pp. For panels a and b: (i) the data covered the following vaccines (antigens): BCG (bacillus Calmette–Guérin); DTPCV1 (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing vaccine, 1st dose); DTPCV3; HEPB3 (HepB (hepatitis B), 3rd dose); HEPBBD (HepB, birth dose (given within 24 h of birth)); HIB3 (Haemophilus influenzae type b, 3rd dose); IPV1 (inactivated polio-containing vaccine, 1st dose); MCV1 (measles-containing vaccine, 1st dose); MCV2; PNCV3 (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, final dose); POL3 (polio, 3rd dose); ROTAC (rotavirus, last dose); RCV1 (rubella-containing vaccine, 1st dose); and YFV (yellow fever vaccine); (ii) data from WUENIC (WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage) were used to derive the quantities shown. For panel c: (i) the data covered the vaccines (antigens) listed in the Supplementary material; (ii) data from the following sources were used for the calculations: administrative coverage, official coverage, WUENIC, PAB (protection at birth) estimates, and HPV (human papillomavirus) estimates. For all panels: multi-antigen vaccines were accounted for once per country-year in the calculations and COVID-19 vaccine was not included. Data source: [29]