Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population according to overall CQI and LCDs

Number of participants

101,694

32,420

23,034

28,869

24,323

 CQI

12.0 (3.1)

8.4 (1.6)

16.1 (1.2)

12.2 (3.2)

11.6 (3.1)

 LCDs

15.0 (7.1)

15.5 (7.5)

14.2 (6.7)

6.4 (3.0)

24.3 (2.6)

Demographic factors

 Age

65.5 (5.7)

64.6 (5.6)

66.5 (5.7)

66.4 (5.9)

64.3 (5.4)

 Female, %

51.4

52.6

50.8

56.8

44.2

 Racial/ethnic group, %

  Non-Hispanic White

91.0

87.2

94.4

86.4

92.9

  Non-Hispanic Black

3.3

4.5

2.1

5.0

2.5

  Hispanic

1.5

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.8

  Other race/ethnicity^a

4.3

7.0

1.9

7.2

2.7

Education level, %

  Some college or less

63.8

67.2

60.2

63.4

65.6

  College graduate

17.5

16.5

18.6

16.8

17.3

  Postgraduate

18.6

16.3

21.2

19.8

17.0

Lifestyle and clinical factors

  Body mass index at baseline (kg/m²)

27.2 (4.8)

27.7 (5.0)

26.6 (4.6)

26.3 (4.5)

28.4 (5.0)

  Physical activity level (min/week)

125.3 (108.3)

110.3 (101.1)

143.2 (114.7)

133.6 (113.8)

118.1 (103.7)

Smoking status, %

  Never

47.7

44.3

51.3

53.8

40.7

  Current

9.2

12.6

6.2

6.6

12.9

  Former

43.0

43.0

42.5

39.5

46.4

Pack-years of cigarettes

17.6 (26.6)

20.2 (28.4)

15.1 (24.6)

14.0 (23.8)

22.3 (29.6)

Alcohol consumption (g/day)

9.5 (25.3)

9.0 (24.2)

11.0 (31.8)

10.9 (38.0)

7.2 (12.0)

Family history of colorectal cancer, %

12.6

12.5

12.8

12.8

12.7

History of diverticulitis or diverticulosis, %

6.7

6.6

6.9

7.1

6.2

History of colon comorbidity, %

1.3

1.6

1.2

1.5

1.2

History of colorectal polyp, %

6.6

6.0

7.2

6.6

6.5

History of diabetes, %

6.7

7.1

6.3

4.7

9.8

Aspirin user, %

47.0

45.9

47.4

46.3

48.2

Dietary factors

Total energy intake (kcal/d)

1738.5 (736.4)

1519.5 (654.2)

1979.2 (749.7)

1580.2 (701.6)

1920.2 (801.8)

Carbohydrate intake (% E)

52.0 (9.5)

50.3 (9.8)

54.2 (9.2)

61.6 (7.7)

42.1 (5.6)

Fat intake (% E)

31.7 (7.6)

33.1 (7.6)

29.9 (7.7)

24.4 (5.3)

39.5 (5.2)

Protein intake (% E)

15.4 (3.0)

14.8 (3.1)

16.0 (2.9)

13.5 (2.4)

17.6 (2.6)

Total fiber intake (g/day)

18.0 (8.5)

12.7 (5.3)

24.8 (8.9)

19.1 (9.3)

17.0 (8.1)

Glycemic index

53.6 (3.3)

55.3 (3.0)

51.4 (2.8)

53.5 (3.5)

53.5 (3.4)

Solid carbohydrates intake (g/day)

221.5 (91.5)

187.7 (83.0)

260.9 (87.8)

239.6 (99.1)

201.4 (86.0)

Liquid carbohydrates intake (g/day)

409.8 (476.4)

574.2 (582.6)

235.9 (264.3)

503.4 (558.8)

373.8 (489.2)

Whole grains intake (g/day)

61.1 (59.9)

32.0 (36.5)

96.0 (72.8)

74.0 (70.1)

46.4 (47.6)

Refined grains intake (g/day)

103.6 (93.6)

91.5 (86.4)

112.5 (96.4)

115.0 (111.7)

94.6 (80.0)

Dietary calcium intake (g/day)

749.5 (405.7)

548.6 (279.3)

999.4 (465.6)

679.8 (355.4)

796.3 (445.2)

Calcium intake from supplements (g/day)

256.7 (354.0)

228.7 (341.2)

289.7 (367.2)

289.4 (367.9)

217.1 (334.0)

Red meat intake (g/day)

61.5 (52.4)

61.8 (50.7)

57.7 (51.1)

33.4 (26.6)

100.5 (70.7)

Vegetables intake (g/day)

284.0 (184.4)

209.5 (126.2)

376.1 (223.3)

282.5 (207.7)

287.3 (174.7)

Fruits intake (g/day)

178.1 (150.6)

108.2 (91.8)

271.7 (187.6)

241.0 (192.2)

122.3 (102.4)

Total folate intake (g/day)^b

599.3 (264.3)

497.3 (236.3)

710.8 (263.0)

624.0 (272.1)

575.4 (260.0)