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Table 3 Association between CQI and the CRC mortality according to main anatomic location

From: Carbohydrate quality, not quantity, linked to reduced colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in US populations: evidence from a prospective study

Outcome

CQI, HR (95% CI)

 

Continuous (per SD increment)

Quartile 1 (lowest)

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4 (highest)

P for trenda

Mean (SD) value of CQI

8.4 (1.6)

11.5 (0.5)

13.5 (0.5)

16.1 (1.2)

  

Person-years

488,250

354,591

342,265

347,391

  

Overallb

 Cases, n

123

66

68

54

  

 Incidence rate (95% CI)c

0.25 (0.21, 0.30)

0.19 (0.15, 0.24)

0.20 (0.16, 0.25)

0.16 (0.12, 0.20)

  

 Model 1d

1.00 (reference)

0.68 (0.50, 0.92)

0.70 (0.52, 0.94)

0.52 (0.38, 0.72)

 < 0.001

0.79 (0.70, 0.88)

 Model 2e

1.00 (reference)

0.74 (0.55, 1.00)

0.79 (0.58, 1.07)

0.62 (0.44, 0.87)

0.004

0.84 (0.75, 0.95)

 Model 3f

1.00 (reference)

0.74 (0.54, 1.00)

0.79 (0.58, 1.07)

0.61 (0.44, 0.86)

0.004

0.84 (0.75, 0.95)

Proximal colon

 Cases, n

61

45

41

34

  

 Incidence rate (95% CI)c

0.12 (0.10, 0.16)

0.13 (0.09, 0.17)

0.12 (0.09, 0.16)

0.10 (0.07, 0.14)

  

 Model 1d

1.00 (reference)

0.93 (0.63, 1.38)

0.85 (0.57, 1.26)

0.66 (0.43, 1.01)

0.054

0.85 (0.73, 0.99)

 Model 2e

1.00 (reference)

1.02 (0.69, 1.50)

0.97 (0.64, 1.46)

0.79 (0.51, 1.24)

0.344

0.92 (0.78, 1.08)

 Model 3f

1.00 (reference)

1.01 (0.68, 1.49)

0.96 (0.64, 1.44)

0.78 (0.50, 1.22)

0.300

0.91 (0.78, 1.07)

Distal colon

 Cases, n

33

12

11

15

  

 Incidence rate (95% CI)c

0.07 (0.05, 0.09)

0.03 (0.02, 0.06)

0.04 (0.02, 0.06)

0.04 (0.03, 0.07)

  

 Model 1d

1.00 (reference)

0.42 (0.21, 0.83)

0.45 (0.23, 0.87)

0.53 (0.28, 0.98)

0.019

0.76 (0.60, 0.96)

 Model 2e

1.00 (reference)

0.45 (0.23, 0.91)

0.51 (0.26, 1.01)

0.64 (0.33, 1.22)

0.092

0.82 (0.64, 1.06)

 Model 3f

1.00 (reference)

0.45 (0.23, 0.91)

0.52 (0.26, 1.02)

0.64 (0.33, 1.24)

0.099

0.82 (0.64, 1.06)

Rectum

 Cases, n

28

9

12

5

  

 Incidence rate (95% CI)c

0.06 (0.04, 0.08)

0.03 (0.01, 0.05)

0.04 (0.02, 0.06)

0.01 (0.01, 0.03)

  

 Model 1d

1.00 (reference)

0.43 (0.20, 0.91)

0.58 (0.29, 1.15)

0.23 (0.09, 0.61)

0.001

0.64 (0.49, 0.85)

 Model 2e

1.00 (reference)

0.47 (0.22, 1.01)

0.66 (0.32, 1.33)

0.27 (0.10, 0.73)

0.006

0.69 (0.52, 0.93)

 Model 3f

1.00 (reference)

0.47 (0.22, 1.01)

0.66 (0.32, 1.34)

0.27 (0.10, 0.73)

0.006

0.69 (0.52, 0.93)

  1. Abbreviations: CQI, carbohydrate quality index; CRC, colorectal cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval, SD, standard deviation
  2. aTrend test was performed using the median value of each diet score quintile as a continuous variable
  3. bIncluding 5 death cases related to CRC with an unknown anatomic location
  4. cIncidence rate was calculated per 1000 person-years
  5. dModel 1 was controlled with age (continuous), sex (male, female), race (non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, other race/ethnicity), education levels (some college or less, college graduate, postgraduate)
  6. eModel 2 was additionally controlled with a family history of colorectal cancer (no, yes or possibly), history of colon comorbidity (no, yes), history of diverticulitis or diverticulosis (no, yes), history of colorectal polyp (no, yes), history of diabetes (no, yes), history of aspirin use (no, yes), total energy intake (continuous), body mass index at baseline (continuous), smoking status (never, current, former), pack-years of cigarettes (continuous), alcohol consumption (continuous), and physical activity level (continuous)
  7. fModel 3 was additionally controlled with a low-carbohydrate diet score (continuous)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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