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Table 3 Maternal dietary patterns and physical activity between the intervention group and the control group at baseline and follow-up

From: Subsidized gestational diabetes mellitus screening and management program in rural China: a pragmatic multicenter, randomized controlled trial

 

Intervention

Control

 
 

Baseline

Follow-up

Baseline

Follow-up

Overall women

GDM women

 

Overall ( N  = 1649)

GDM ( N  = 248)

Overall ( N  = 1649)

GDM ( N  = 248)

Overall ( N  = 1645)

GDM ( N  = 256)

Overall ( N  = 1645)

GDM ( N  = 256)

DID a

P value

DID a

P value

Dietary pattern

 Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD)

1781.6 (2166.6)

1924.6 (1195.8)

1757.9 (1555.8)

1712.2 (1775.4)

1750.2 (1343.9)

1963.1 (1705.0)

1971.9 (1486.6)

2024.4 (1652.3)

 − 217.8 (87.5)

0.013

 − 121.9 (230.9)

0.596

 Carbohydrate, kcal/day, mean (SD)

1310.6 (1481.5)

1368.0 (868.2)

1260.1 (1035.4)

1189.4 (1269.6)

1250.7 (826.6)

1387.5 (1063.6)

1403.1 (1006.3)

1457.6 (1090.2)

 − 171.8 (61.3)

0.005

27.9 (166.3)

0.867

 Protein, kcal/day, mean (SD)

256.3 (379.8)

263.5 (158.7)

259.3 (222.6)

260.1 (239.4)

240.2 (193.9)

274.5 (248.6)

288.7 (202.1)

323.8 (222.6)

 − 38.2 (14.1)

0.007

 − 10 (31.7)

0.737

 Total fat, kcal/day, mean (SD)

360.4 (494.8)

344.8 (312.2)

338.9 (407.3)

353.4 (376.1)

357.7 (459.6)

424.7 (595.7)

393.6 (385.9)

481.1 (461.7)

 − 45.7 (23.8)

0.055

 − 11.6 (63.9)

0.856

 Carbohydrate, % energy

69.5 (13.3)

69.3 (13.6)

68.2 (10.7)

65.6 (12.7)

70.0 (12.8)

68.4 (13.5)

67.5 (10.6)

64.9 (11.5)

0.6 (0.6)

0.363

1.0 (1.8)

0.558

 Protein, % energy

13.0 (4.2)

13.7 (5.0)

14.2 (3.4)

15.1 (3.9)

12.8 (4.0)

13.4 (4.2)

14.1 (3.2)

14.6 (6.2)

0.1 (0.2)

0.793

0.2 (0.6)

0.728

 Total fat, % energy

17.5 (10.8)

17.0 (10.1)

17.4 (8.8)

19.2 (10.5)

17.2 (10.5)

18.1 (11.1)

18.3 (8.8)

20.4 (9.8)

 − 0.7 (0.5)

0.20

 − 1.3 (1.5)

0.372

Food intake amount/day

 Rice, g, mean   (SD)

218.9 (293.7)

252.2 (176.1)

207.6 (172.3)

187.6 (185.0)

204.9 (150.2)

224.8 (196.3)

243.7 (200.0)

246.6 (209.7)

 − 45.8 (12.0)

 < 0.001

 − 7.2 (35.1)

0.838

 Wheat flour, g, mean (SD)

42.9 (67.0)

49.6 (67.8)

47.9 (67.3)

47.8 (82.1)

43.6 (61.3)

54.6 (84.7)

55.6 (71.2)

61.1 (86.3)

 − 6.0 (3.5)

0.085

1.5 (10.7)

0.885

 Coarse cereals, g, mean (SD)

30.6 (172.8)

25.0 (43.6)

41.8 (68.9)

48.6 (81.7)

26.4 (53.1)

26.4 (139.1)

41.3 (60.0)

46.4 (66.9)

 − 3.7 (5.5)

0.502

3.7 (8.7)

0.670

 Potato flour, g, mean (SD)

58.0 (97.8)

57.8 (95.8)

45.8 (86.6)

45.3 (127.2)

58.7 (98.4)

66.4 (139.1)

51.2 (69.4)

49.2 (70.1)

 − 4.3 (4.9)

0.383

5.8 (15.9)

0.717

 Fried foods, g, mean (SD)

9.3 (39.7)

9.6 (30.9)

10.7 (31.6)

10.1 (28.5)

8.4 (25.0)

7.8 (26.0)

12.1 (34.4)

16.1 (59.6)

 − 2.2 (1.7)

0.23

 − 7.7 (5.3)

0.143

 Vegetables, g, mean (SD)

134.9 (182.4)

141.0 (164.0)

262.7 (232.8)

275.5 (266.3)

136.2 (189.3)

177.5 (248.5)

179.1 (213.8)

187.5 (227.6)

84.8 (10.8)

 < 0.001

119.9 (31.9)

 < 0.001

 Fruits, g, mean (SD)

226.5 (3398.0

212.2 (215.7)

164.8 (236.7)

171.9 (319.1)

217.3 (318.0)

247.4 (589.0)

151.8 (215.7)

128.6 (225.3)

7.4 (15.8)

0.640

105.6 (54.1)

0.05

 Poultry/livestock meat, g, mean (SD)

69.5 (191.7)

77.5 (99.1)

60.6 (94.3)

57.3 (72.6)

65.7 (106.4)

81.9 (172.2)

64.1 (73.1)

73.2 (72.0)

 − 4.6 (6.9)

0.501

8.2 (15.4)

0.594

 Aquatic products, g, mean (SD)

27.8 (197.1)

23.8 (57.5)

23.8 (46.4)

26.3 (49.1)

21.4 (58.5)

20.4 (41.9)

34.8 (58.1)

42.6 (84.4)

 − 17.4 (5.9)

0.003

 − 19.5 (8.4)

0.021

 Eggs, g, mean (SD)

45.5 (169.0)

43.2 (53.2)

42.8 (52.0)

50.3 (74.0)

39.0 (79.0)

41.5 (55.9)

52.1 (58.3)

60.7 (73.6)

 − 15.6 (5.6)

0.005

 − 7.2 (9.3)

0.446

 Dairy products, g, mean (SD)

115.9 (182.0)

118.6(151.5)

139.3 (163.6)

138.0 (173.1)

125.1 (185.7)

133.2 (137.9)

132.0 (140.8)

139.6 (160.6)

15.9 (9.1)

0.080

16.6 (21.9)

0.446

 Beans products, g, mean (SD)

44.2 (86.8)

53.4 (90.4)

42.5 (73.0)

51.0 (87.3)

41.5 (71.1)

54.5 (109.0)

47.9 (68.3)

49.2 (65.3)

 − 6.8 (4.1)

0.090

11.7 (12.5)

0.350

 Nuts, g, mean (SD)

31.9 (57.0)

29.8 (48.0)

25.9 (54.6)

28.7 (49.1)

34.6 (71.0)

44.0 (93.4)

33.0 (51.4)

42.1 (63.9)

 − 3.8 (3.3)

0.25

3.8 (9.6)

0.698

 Snacks, g, mean (SD)

23.1 (63.6)

19.3 (40.6)

13.0 (32.3)

9.3 (19.8)

24.8 (68.0)

23.7 (78.4)

12.4 (29.5)

9.8 (27.7)

2.7 (2.8)

0.35

5.7 (6.6)

0.384

 Beverages, g, mean (SD)

8.7 (39.5)

7.3 (26.9)

4.9 (27.1)

2.5 (12.6)

7.3 (35.3)

10.7 (56.2)

5.1 (22.1)

6.4 (28.7)

 − 1.4 (1.7)

0.402

0.4 (4.9)

0.936

Physical activity/day

 Vigorous activity, min, mean (SD)

32.0 (62.5)

45.0 (17.3)

24.2 (26.1)

22.1 (12.4)

29.9 (40.3)

21.6 (22.3)

20.5 (43.5)

16.0 (20.2)

1.5 (12.1)

0.900

 − 15.6 (13.3)

0.253

 Moderate activity, min, mean (S.D.)

21.0 (41.0)

12.4 (14.7)

15.9 (13.5)

19.6 (15.0)

24.8 (50.8)

38.3 (110.8)

15.8 (21.7)

16.5 (14.4)

4.0 (5.4)

0.46

33.1 (29.8)

0.271

 Walking, min, mean (SD)

47.5 (41.7)

48.0 (36.7)

47.0 (38.7)

51.9 (35.3)

48.9 (44.6)

52.9 (46.1)

43.3 (37.4)

45.1 (68.4)

5.1 (2.3)

0.025

11.4 (7.0)

0.11

  1. Abbreviations: GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, S.D. standard deviation, DID the difference in difference, the follow-up is after 34 weeks of gestation, Kcal, d day, g Gram, min Minute
  2. The intervention effect for all pregnant women or pregnant women with GDM was adjusted for hospital, and a statistical significance level of P < 0.05 (two-sided) was used for all pregnant women, while a significance level of P < 0.025 (with Bonferroni correction) was used for pregnant women with GDM
  3. aDID value = follow-up (intervention − control) − baseline (intervention − control) and adjusted by hospital
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