Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with and without type 2 diabetes
| Â | Individuals without diabetes | Individuals with type 2 diabetes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | No. of risk factors within target rangea | |||||||
0–1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6–7 | |||
Participants | 302 833 | 14 162 | 594 | 2106 | 3947 | 4122 | 2507 | 886 |
Age, years | 57 (49–62) | 60 (54–65) | 58 (51–63) | 59 (53–64) | 60 (54–65) | 61 (55–65) | 61 (55–65) | 61 (54–65) |
Sex | ||||||||
 Female | 165 553 (54.7) | 5585 (39.4) | 184 (31.0) | 774 (36.7) | 1437 (36.4) | 1683 (40.8) | 1103 (44.0) | 404 (45.6) |
 Male | 137 280 (45.3) | 8577 (60.6) | 410 (69.0) | 1332 (63.2) | 2510 (63.6) | 2439 (59.2) | 1404 (56.0) | 482 (54.4) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 White | 289 584 (95.6) | 12 454 (87.9) | 531 (89.4) | 1871 (88.8) | 3543 (89.8) | 3582 (86.9) | 2197 (87.6) | 730 (82.4) |
 Other | 12 369 (4.1) | 1652 (11.7) | 62 (10.4) | 224 (10.6) | 395 (10.0) | 525 (12.7) | 296 (11.8) | 150 (16.9) |
 Unknown | 880 (0.3) | 56 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 11 (0.5) | 9 (0.2) | 15 (0.4) | 14 (0.6) | 6 (0.7) |
Education | ||||||||
 College or university degree | 106 261 (35.1) | 3711 (26.2) | 121 (20.4) | 518 (24.6) | 960 (24.3) | 1100 (26.7) | 700 (27.9) | 312 (35.2) |
 Other | 194 629 (64.3) | 10 284 (72.6) | 462 (77.8) | 1555 (73.8) | 2943 (74.6) | 2981 (72.3) | 1778 (70.9) | 565 (63.8) |
 Unknown | 1943 (0.6) | 167 (1.2) | 11 (1.8) | 33 (1.6) | 44 (1.1) | 41 (1.0) | 29 (1.2) | 9 (1.0) |
Townsend deprivation index | -1.5 (2.9) | -0.7 (3.3) | -0.3 (3.3) | -0.6 (3.4) | -0.7 (3.3) | -0.7 (3.3) | -1.0 (3.2) | -0.9 (3.3) |
 Duration of diabetes, yearsb |  | 2.7 (0.1–6.0) | 0 (0–4.0) | 2.0 (0.0–5.7) | 2.8 (0–6.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 3.0 (0.9–6.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) |
Treatment | ||||||||
 Antihypertensive agents | 45 487 (15.0) | 7518 (53.1) | 220 (37.0) | 1014 (48.1) | 2194 (55.6) | 2306 (55.9) | 1380 (55.0) | 404 (45.6) |
 Lipid-lowering agents | 30 655 (10.1) | 8845 (62.5) | 217 (36.5) | 1066 (50.6) | 2426 (61.5) | 2746 (66.6) | 1758 (70.1) | 632 (71.3) |
 Oral antidiabetic agents |  | 7405 (52.3) | 213 (35.9) | 1025 (48.7) | 2117 (53.6) | 2234 (54.2) | 1342 (53.5) | 474 (53.5) |
 Insulin |  | 1325 (9.4) | 53 (8.9) | 214 (10.2) | 403 (10.2) | 389 (9.4) | 194 (7.7) | 72 (8.1) |
No current smoking | 272 655 (90.0) | 12 653 (89.3) | 316 (53.2) | 1670 (79.3) | 3494 (88.5) | 3869 (93.9) | 2428 (96.8) | 876 (98.9) |
Physical activity at goalc | 165 582 (54.7) | 6547 (46.2) | 36 (6.1) | 379 (18.0) | 1312 (33.2) | 2194 (53.2) | 1820 (72.6) | 806 (91.0) |
Healthy dietd | 127 665 (42.2) | 5571 (39.3) | 21 (3.5) | 243 (11.5) | 967 (24.5) | 1844 (44.7) | 1702 (67.9) | 794 (89.6) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 (4.5) | 31.3 (5.8) | 32.8 (5.6) | 32.7 (5.7) | 32.2 (5.6) | 31.2 (5.6) | 30.0 (5.6) | 27.6 (5.6) |
BMI ≥ 20 and < 25 kg/m2 | 100 475 (33.2) | 1513 (10.7) | 6 (1.0) | 32 (1.5) | 164 (4.2) | 403 (9.8) | 486 (19.4) | 422 (47.6) |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 137.3 (18.5) | 142.3 (17.2) | 153.6 (16.5) | 149.5 (16.2) | 145.5 (16.7) | 140.5 (16.6) | 135.7 (15.9) | 129.5 (12.0) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 82.4 (10.1) | 83.3 (9.7) | 91.1 (9.7) | 87.6 (9.7) | 84.9 (9.4) | 82.2 (9.1) | 79.5 (8.7) | 76.8 (7.2) |
Blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg | 168 240 (55.6) | 6123 (43.2) | 27 (4.5) | 327 (15.5) | 1234 (31.3) | 2014 (48.9) | 1712 (68.3) | 809 (91.3) |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 34.8 (3.7) | 52.2 (14.6) | 65.9 (15.6) | 59.6 (16.8) | 54.3 (15.1) | 49.6 (12.1) | 46.5 (11.1) | 43.9 (7.0) |
HbA1c, % | 5.3 (0.3) | 6.9 (1.3) | 8.2 (1.4) | 7.6 (1.5) | 7.1 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.1) | 6.4 (1.0) | 6.2 (0.6) |
HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (< 7%) | 302 833 (100.0) | 8924 (63.0) | 61 (10.3) | 676 (32.1) | 2150 (54.5) | 2996 (72.7) | 2182 (87.0) | 859 (96.9) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.8 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.1) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.8) |
Total cholesterol < 5.2 mmol/L | 89 407 (29.5) | 9690 (68.4) | 76 (12.8) | 885 (42.0) | 2520 (63.8) | 3168 (76.9) | 2205 (87.9) | 836 (94.4) |