Sex-specific associations between sodium and potassium intake and overall and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective U.S. cohort study, systematic review, and updated meta-analysis of cohort studies

Table 5 Risk of overall mortality associated with intakes of sodium, potassium and sodium–potassium ratio stratified across racial/ethnic groups among men and women^a

	Men			Women
	All events/person-years	HR (95% CI)	P value for interaction	All events/person-years	HR (95% CI)	P value for interaction
Sodium intake (≥ 2,000 mg/d)
Non-Hispanic white	7,438/474,338	1.05 (1.01, 1.09)		3,509/303,931	1.09 (1.03, 1.15)
Hispanic, total minority racial and other ethnic group	333/24,343	1.14 (0.96, 1.35)	0.092	179/16,156	1.21 (0.95, 1.54)	0.59
Non-Hispanic black	194/10,311	1.21 (0.99, 1.47)	0.42	181/12,695	1.16 (0.95, 1.43)	0.56
Potassium intake
Non-Hispanic white	6,209/427,105	0.96 (0.93, 1.00)		6,997/681,326	0.81 (0.77, 0.85)
Hispanic, total minority racial and other ethnic group	349/25,824	0.88 (0.75, 1.03)	0.64	411/38,593	0.92 (0.74, 1.13)	0.017
Non-Hispanic black	163/10,240	0.87 (0.71, 1.07)	0.99	310/27,828	0.99 (0.82, 1.19)	0.11
Sodium–potassium ratio (sodium ≥ 2,000 mg/d)
Non-Hispanic white	8,691/551,192	1.09 (1.04, 1.13)		2,672/205,047	1.27 (1.19, 1.35)
Hispanic, total minority racial and other ethnic group	371/27,948	1.15 (0.96, 1.39)	0.89	116/11,957	1.11 (0.83, 1.47)	0.25
Non-Hispanic black	396/22,678	1.39 (1.11, 1.75)	0.52	250/17,448	1.02 (0.81, 1.29)	0.067

^aHazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality comparing the highest versus the lowest quintile. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for age at baseline, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking status (never, former, current or missing), physical activity, education, marital status, diabetes (yes vs. no), health status, vitamin supplement use, and total energy intake. For sodium intake, models were additionally adjusted for Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) score excluding the sodium component; for potassium intake and the sodium–potassium ratio, models were additionally adjusted for HEI-2015 components for sodium (potassium model only), seafood and plant protein, saturated fat, fatty acids and refined grains. For women, the risk estimates were additionally adjusted for postmenopausal hormone therapy (yes vs. no). P for interaction was examined by the likelihood ratio test, entering the cross-product term of exposure factors (categories) and the stratification variables (Racial/Ethnic groups), all as ordinal variables, to the Cox proportional hazard regression model

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