Table 1 Baseline characteristics for women and men stratified by different status (obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity)
| Â | Women | Men | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Normal | Obesity | Sarcopenia | Sarcopenic obesity | P | Normal | Obesity | Sarcopenia | Sarcopenic obesity | P |
(n = 71532) | (n = 22241) | (n = 11830) | (n = 4837) | (n = 66948) | (n = 22328) | (n = 6475) | (n = 2676) | |||
Skeletal muscle mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 3.37 (0.30) | 3.81 (0.38) | 3.29 (0.31) | 3.78 (0.41) | < 0.001 | 5.27 (0.37) | 5.77 (0.42) | 5.19 (0.40) | 5.73 (0.43) | < 0.001 |
Grip strength, mean (SD), kg | 22.98 (4.37) | 22.93 (4.52) | 12.25 (2.98) | 12.01 (3.09) | < 0.001 | 38.65 (6.65) | 38.72 (7.02) | 22.17 (4.07) | 21.75 (4.42) | < 0.001 |
Age, mean (SD), years | 63.89 (2.78) | 63.86 (2.79) | 64.45 (2.83) | 64.34 (2.82) | < 0.001 | 64.14 (2.80) | 64.04 (2.78) | 64.78 (2.85) | 64.66 (2.81) | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 White | 69990 (97.8) | 21440 (96.4) | 11276 (95.3) | 4570 (94.5) |  | 65258 (97.5) | 21862 (97.9) | 5886 (90.9) | 2529 (94.5) |  |
 Asian or Asian British | 515 (0.7) | 171 (0.8) | 335 (2.8) | 128 (2.6) |  | 782 (1.2) | 150 (0.7) | 393 (6.1) | 82 (3.1) |  |
 Black or Black British | 366 (0.5) | 405 (1.8) | 52 (0.4) | 77 (1.6) |  | 416 (0.6) | 148 (0.7) | 75 (1.2) | 33 (1.2) |  |
 Other | 661 (0.9) | 225 (1.0) | 167 (1.4) | 62 (1.3) |  | 492 (0.7) | 168 (0.8) | 121 (1.9) | 32 (1.2) |  |
Education, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 No degree | 17646 (24.7) | 7198 (32.4) | 3902 (33.0) | 2042 (42.2) |  | 15185 (22.7) | 7031 (31.5) | 2078 (32.1) | 1125 (42.0) |  |
 Degree | 53886 (75.3) | 15043 (67.6) | 7928 (67.0) | 2795 (57.8) |  | 51763 (77.3) | 15297 (68.5) | 4397 (67.9) | 1551 (58.0) |  |
Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD) | − 1.81 (2.78) | − 1.14 (3.11) | − 1.37 (2.98) | − 0.49 (3.28) | < 0.001 | − 1.79 (2.86) | − 1.28 (3.09) | − 0.71 (3.35) | − 0.26 (3.41) | < 0.001 |
Physical activity level, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Low | 9244 (12.9) | 4802 (21.6) | 2039 (17.2) | 1394 (28.8) |  | 9683 (14.5) | 5175 (23.2) | 1364 (21.1) | 796 (29.7) |  |
 Moderate | 31534 (44.1) | 10013 (45.0) | 5235 (44.3) | 2085 (43.1) |  | 26866 (40.1) | 8863 (39.7) | 2731 (42.2) | 1060 (39.6) |  |
 High | 30754 (43.0) | 7426 (33.4) | 4556 (38.5) | 1358 (28.1) |  | 30399 (45.4) | 8290 (37.1) | 2380 (36.8) | 820 (30.6) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 41364 (57.8) | 12174 (54.7) | 6981 (59.0) | 2721 (56.3) |  | 29872 (44.6) | 7596 (34.0) | 2854 (44.1) | 931 (34.8) |  |
 Former | 25193 (35.2) | 8770 (39.4) | 3970 (33.6) | 1807 (37.4) |  | 30360 (45.3) | 12773 (57.2) | 2789 (43.1) | 1499 (56.0) |  |
 Current | 4975 (7.0) | 1297 (5.8) | 879 (7.4) | 309 (6.4) |  | 6716 (10.0) | 1959 (8.8) | 832 (12.8) | 246 (9.2) |  |
Drinking status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 3942 (5.5) | 1810 (8.1) | 1056 (8.9) | 611 (12.6) |  | 1517 (2.3) | 539 (2.4) | 317 (4.9) | 119 (4.4) |  |
 Former | 2306 (3.2) | 1080 (4.9) | 589 (5.0) | 380 (7.9) |  | 1986 (3.0) | 848 (3.8) | 392 (6.1) | 189 (7.1) |  |
 Current | 65284 (91.3) | 19351 (87.0) | 10185 (86.1) | 3846 (79.5) |  | 63445 (94.8) | 20941 (93.8) | 5766 (89.1) | 2368 (88.5) |  |
Oily fish intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 4807 (6.7) | 1872 (8.4) | 1149 (9.7) | 598 (12.4) |  | 5129 (7.7) | 2041 (9.1) | 819 (12.6) | 317 (11.8) |  |
 Less than once a week | 18999 (26.6) | 6341 (28.5) | 3266 (27.6) | 1322 (27.3) |  | 20315 (30.3) | 7129 (31.9) | 1965 (30.3) | 838 (31.3) |  |
 Once a week | 30849 (43.1) | 9102 (40.9) | 4925 (41.6) | 1918 (39.7) |  | 27040 (40.4) | 8666 (38.8) | 2399 (37.1) | 979 (36.6) |  |
 More than twice a week | 16877 (23.6) | 4926 (22.1) | 2490 (21.0) | 999 (20.7) |  | 14464 (21.6) | 4492 (20.1) | 1292 (20.0) | 542 (20.3) |  |
Poultry intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 3469 (4.8) | 702 (3.2) | 680 (5.7) | 193 (4.0) |  | 2192 (3.3) | 486 (2.2) | 350 (5.4) | 84 (3.1) |  |
 Less than once a week | 8775 (12.3) | 2217 (10.0) | 1426 (12.1) | 508 (10.5) |  | 8892 (13.3) | 2732 (12.2) | 997 (15.4) | 389 (14.5) |  |
 Once a week | 28342 (39.6) | 7994 (35.9) | 4682 (39.6) | 1781 (36.8) |  | 27909 (41.7) | 8793 (39.4) | 2668 (41.2) | 1057 (39.5) |  |
 More than twice a week | 30946 (43.3) | 11328 (50.9) | 5042 (42.6) | 2355 (48.7) |  | 27955 (41.8) | 10317 (46.2) | 2460 (38.0) | 1146 (42.8) |  |
Processed meat intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 9044 (12.6) | 1866 (8.4) | 1564 (13.2) | 468 (9.7) |  | 3455 (5.2) | 612 (2.7) | 500 (7.7) | 116 (4.3) |  |
 Less than once a week | 29196 (40.8) | 7975 (35.9) | 4482 (37.9) | 1644 (34.0) |  | 16120 (24.1) | 4456 (20.0) | 1372 (21.2) | 526 (19.7) |  |
 Once a week | 20202 (28.2) | 6897 (31.0) | 3484 (29.5) | 1509 (31.2) |  | 20882 (31.2) | 6859 (30.7) | 1943 (30.0) | 760 (28.4) |  |
 More than twice a week | 13090 (18.3) | 5503 (24.7) | 2300 (19.4) | 1216 (25.1) |  | 26491 (39.6) | 10401 (46.6) | 2660 (41.1) | 1274 (47.6) |  |
Beef intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 8662 (12.1) | 1947 (8.8) | 1630 (13.8) | 572 (11.8) |  | 4743 (7.1) | 935 (4.2) | 734 (11.3) | 207 (7.7) |  |
 Less than once a week | 33892 (47.4) | 10151 (45.6) | 5565 (47.0) | 2192 (45.3) |  | 30735 (45.9) | 9000 (40.3) | 2837 (43.8) | 1021 (38.2) |  |
 Once a week | 21203 (29.6) | 7272 (32.7) | 3458 (29.2) | 1551 (32.1) |  | 23278 (34.8) | 8723 (39.1) | 2126 (32.8) | 989 (37.0) |  |
 More than twice a week | 7775 (10.9) | 2871 (12.9) | 1177 (9.9) | 522 (10.8) |  | 8192 (12.2) | 3670 (16.4) | 778 (12.0) | 459 (17.2) |  |
Pork intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 12729 (17.8) | 3286 (14.8) | 2500 (21.1) | 853 (17.6) |  | 8249 (12.3) | 2173 (9.7) | 1177 (18.2) | 349 (13.0) |  |
 Less than once a week | 41292 (57.7) | 12395 (55.7) | 6275 (53.0) | 2507 (51.8) |  | 39443 (58.9) | 12261 (54.9) | 3351 (51.8) | 1317 (49.2) |  |
 Once a week | 15813 (22.1) | 5835 (26.2) | 2743 (23.2) | 1307 (27.0) |  | 16828 (25.1) | 6699 (30.0) | 1628 (25.1) | 837 (31.3) |  |
 More than twice a week | 1698 (2.4) | 725 (3.3) | 312 (2.6) | 170 (3.5) |  | 2428 (3.6) | 1195 (5.4) | 319 (4.9) | 173 (6.5) |  |
Lamb intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 Never | 12630 (17.7) | 3451 (15.5) | 2263 (19.1) | 814 (16.8) |  | 8668 (12.9) | 2528 (11.3) | 1066 (16.5) | 397 (14.8) |  |
 Less than once a week | 40431 (56.5) | 12284 (55.2) | 6343 (53.6) | 2552 (52.8) |  | 37814 (56.5) | 11904 (53.3) | 3337 (51.5) | 1294 (48.4) |  |
 Once a week | 16736 (23.4) | 5821 (26.2) | 2896 (24.5) | 1296 (26.8) |  | 18166 (27.1) | 6888 (30.8) | 1743 (26.9) | 835 (31.2) |  |
 More than twice a week | 1735 (2.4) | 685 (3.1) | 328 (2.8) | 175 (3.6) |  | 2300 (3.4) | 1008 (4.5) | 329 (5.1) | 150 (5.6) |  |
Milk intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 No | 2196 (3.1) | 745 (3.3) | 443 (3.7) | 196 (4.1) |  | 1909 (2.9) | 710 (3.2) | 241 (3.7) | 98 (3.7) |  |
 Yes | 69336 (96.9) | 21496 (96.7) | 11387 (96.3) | 4641 (95.9) |  | 65039 (97.1) | 21618 (96.8) | 6234 (96.3) | 2578 (96.3) |  |
Coffee intake, mean (SD), cups | 1.97 (1.81) | 2.11 (1.98) | 1.85 (1.86) | 1.99 (2.15) | < 0.001 | 2.11 (1.97) | 2.24 (2.13) | 1.95 (2.05) | 2.06 (2.28) | < 0.001 |
Fresh fruit intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 0–1 pieces/day | 17206 (24.1) | 5726 (25.7) | 3222 (27.2) | 1289 (26.6) |  | 27013 (40.3) | 8729 (39.1) | 2817 (43.5) | 1052 (39.3) |  |
 2–3 pieces/day | 39561 (55.3) | 11955 (53.8) | 6230 (52.7) | 2515 (52.0) |  | 30876 (46.1) | 9879 (44.2) | 2794 (43.2) | 1135 (42.4) |  |
 ≥ 3 pieces/day | 14765 (20.6) | 4560 (20.5) | 2378 (20.1) | 1033 (21.4) |  | 9059 (13.5) | 3720 (16.7) | 864 (13.3) | 489 (18.3) |  |
Vegetable intake, mean (SD), tablespoons/day | 5.23 (3.05) | 5.19 (3.05) | 5.12 (3.24) | 5.18 (3.35) | 0.005 | 4.92 (3.28) | 4.98 (3.31) | 4.85 (4.04) | 4.98 (3.72) | 0.005 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 No | 64815 (90.6) | 3758 (16.9) | 10130 (85.6) | 3610 (74.6) |  | 53363 (79.7) | 15321 (68.6) | 4653 (71.9) | 1574 (58.8) |  |
 Yes | 6717 (9.4) | 18483 (83.1) | 1700 (14.4) | 1227 (25.4) |  | 13585 (20.3) | 7007 (31.4) | 1822 (28.1) | 1102 (41.2) |  |
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 No | 67009 (93.7) | 20436 (91.9) | 10671 (90.2) | 4247 (87.8) |  | 60282 (90.0) | 19327 (86.6) | 5385 (83.2) | 2124 (79.4) |  |
 Yes | 4523 (6.3) | 1805 (8.1) | 1159 (9.8) | 590 (12.2) |  | 6666 (10.0) | 3001 (13.4) | 1090 (16.8) | 552 (20.6) |  |
Diabetes, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
 No | 67709 (94.7) | 17872 (80.4) | 10838 (91.6) | 3555 (73.5) |  | 59952 (89.6) | 15824 (70.9) | 5280 (81.5) | 1552 (58.0) |  |
 Yes | 3823 (5.3) | 4369 (19.6) | 992 (8.4) | 1282 (26.5) |  | 6996 (10.4) | 6504 (29.1) | 1195 (18.5) | 1124 (42.0) |  |
Polygenic risk score, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.154 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.084 |
 Low | 34863 (48.7) | 10971 (49.3) | 5689 (48.1) | 2342 (48.4) |  | 32482 (48.5) | 11034 (49.4) | 3135 (48.4) | 1278 (47.8) |  |
 High | 36669 (51.3) | 11270 (50.7) | 6141 (51.9) | 2495 (51.6) |  | 34466 (51.5) | 11294 (50.6) | 3340 (51.6) | 1398 (52.2) |  |