Advertisement
Table 1 Studies included in systematic review and meta-analysis
| Studies | Type of study | Place of studies | Participants | Residence (rural/urban) | Sample size | Outcome | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang 2006 [14] | CS | Hunan Province | New SP PTB | Rural | 318 | DD (>2 weeks) | PD: No haemoptysis (OR (95% CI): 0.119 (0.041, 0.344)), distance to health facility (OR (95% CI): 24.73 (6. 872, 58. 56)), seeking care from traditional medicine providers (OR (95% CI): 14.39 (4.379, 47.30)), poverty (OR (95% CI): 23.53 (8.389, 65.96)) |
| PD (>2 weeks) | DD: Being female (OR (95% CI): 3.06 (1.412, 6.645)), low education (OR (95% CI): 0.57 (0.370, 0.794)), limited access to TB education (OR (95% CI): 0.45 (0.218, 0.534)), seeking care from traditional medicine providers (OR (95% CI): 2.42 (1.057, 5.536)), seeking prescription from herbalist (OR (95% CI): 2.53 (1.261, 5.077)), and stigma (OR (95% CI): 14.65 (6.217, 31.78)). | ||||||
| Xi 2011 [20] | CS | Shandong Province | PTB | Rural | 819 | DD (>2 weeks) | DD: First consultation with traditional medicine providers |
| He 2009 [21] | CS | Hebei Province | New SP PTB | migrants from Rural | 168 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Low education level (P <0.05), lack of health insurance (P <0.01) |
| Huan 2007 [22] | CS | Guizhou Province | New PTB | Rural/urban | 200 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Distance to health facility; |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Poor equipment in health facility, health worker’s poor TB awareness and knowledge, poor referral | ||||||
| Wu 2008 [23] | CS | Anhui Province | New SP PTB | Rural/urban | 148 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Lack of equipment and qualified health workers in township hospital. | ||||||
| Wang 2007 [34] | CS | Shanghai | New SP/SN PTB | No description | 222 | PD was defined as the duration from the onset of symptoms to the first visit to a doctor in a hospital. | PD: Low income level (OR (95% CI): 3.859 (1.040, 14.314) for Level 1/level 4, 5.369 (1.717, 16.787) for Level 2/level 4), without Haemoptysis (OR (95% CI): 0.347 (0.127, 0.948)) |
| Bai 2004 [35] | CS | Yunnan Province | New/re-treatment SP/SN PTB | Rural/urban | 142 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Being male (P = 0.037), with spouse (P = 0.010), no hemoptysis (P = 0.035); |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: No night swear (P = 0.030) and chest pain (P = 0.042), respiratory difficulty (P = 0.029), no timely referring (P = 0.001). | ||||||
| Liao 2009 [36] | CS | Zhejiang Province | New SP PTB, elderly | Rural | 210 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Female (P = 0. 018), lack of TB knowledge (P = 0.003), Low access to health facility (P = 0.009) |
| Yang 2010 [37] | CS | Hujian, Henan, Liaoling, Xinjiang Province | PTB | Rural | 888 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Being female, the elderly, lack of TB knowledge, poverty and traffic difficulty |
| Zhou 2009 [38] | CS | Henan Province | New PTB | No description | 102 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness; poverty, traffic difficulty; |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Consulting with traditional medicine providers first | ||||||
| Li 2002 [39] | CS | Hunan Province | New SP PTB | Rural/urban | 3275 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Being male (P = 0. 003), 30 to 44 years old (P = 0. 009), poor TB awareness, poverty, traffic difficulty; |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: 30 to 44 years old (P = 0. 0001), poor TB knowledge, without smear test in county hospital | ||||||
| Shi 2006 [40] | CS | Liaolin, Hujian, Xingjiang, Henan Province | New SP PTB | No description | 186 | DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Consulting traditional medicine providers first, no resource for TB diagnosis |
| Yu 2007 [41] | CS | Anhui Province | New SP PTB | Rural/urban | 17873 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Being female (P <0.05), Rural area; |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Rural and diagnosed in non-TB hospital, no resource for TB diagnosis | ||||||
| Zhang 2011 [42] | CS | Jiangsu Province | New SP PTB | Rural/urban | 276 | DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Consulting with traditional medicine providers first, no resource for TB diagnosis |
| Cai 2007 [43] | CS | Gansu Province | New/retreatment SP/SN PTB | Rural | 150 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: The elderly, female, low income, and education level, poor TB knowledge |
| Chai 2008 [44] | CS | Henan Province | New SP PTB | Rural/urban | 200 | PD (>3 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness, no severe symptoms, busy with work and poverty; stigma for the female |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Misdiagnosis, no severe symptoms | ||||||
| Tian 2001 [45] | CS | Shangdong Province | PTB, the youth | No description | 400 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Knowledge of TB control unit and TB awareness |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: No haemoptysis (OR (95%): 0.52 (0.27, 0.98)), night swearing (OR (95%): 0.44 (0.23, 0.85)), chest pain (OR (95%): 2.15 (1.12, 4.15)). | ||||||
| Yang 2011 [46] | CS | Jiangsu Province | New SP PTB | No description | 105 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness, low income level, distance to health facilities |
| Cao 2002 [47] | CS | Shangdong Province | PTB, | migrants from Rural | 314 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Busy at with work (working more than 6 days per week) (OR (95% CI):6. 70 (2. 80, 16.03)), no health insurance (OR (95% CI): 2.27 (1.07, 4.82)), distance to health facility (OR(95% CI): 2.13 (0.73, 6.18)), no hemoptysis (OR(95% CI): 0. 30 (0. 10, 0. 91)), |
| Geng 2010 [48] | CS | Shangdong Province | New SP PTB | Rural | 200 | PD was defined as the duration from the onset of cough to the first visit to any healthcare provider | PD: Poor TB awareness, low income level, lack of knowledge of TB control unit (F = 4.39, P <0.01) |
| Shi 2008 [49] | CS | Shangdong Province | New SP TB | Rural | 312 | PD was defined as the time (in days) from the onset of symptoms to first seeking care at a health facility | PD: Aged 40 to 59 (Adjusted HR (95% CI):0.34 (0.17, 0.69)), low education (Adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.91 (1.16, 3.14)), distance to health facility (Adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.04 (0.98, 1.11)) |
| DD: Being female (Adjusted HR (95% CI):0.63 (0.43,0.92)), Consulting with traditional medicine providers first (Adjusted HR (95% CI):1.14 (0.52, 2.51)) | |||||||
| Cheng 2005 [50] | CS | Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu Province | New PTB | migrants | 323 | PD (≥10 days) | PD: Busy with work (AOR (95% CI):1.61 (1.03, 2.51)), no hemoptysis (AOR (95% CI): 0.48 (0.28 ,0.85)) |
| Li 2012 [51] | CS | Shanghai, Guangdong and Jiangsu | new PTB | migrant from rural | 323 | Patient delay ≥10 days | Average monthly working days ≥24, and without hemoptysis or bloody sputum |
| Lin 2008 [52] | Cohort | Yunnan Province | SP TB, | Rural | 10356 | PD (≥60 days) | PD: Geographical barrier, age >40, low income level (Adjusted HR (95%): 0.61 (0.57, 0.65), 0.78 (0.67, 0.90), 0.90 (0.85, 0.94)). |
| Zhang 2008 [53] | CC | Jiangsu Province | Newly SP PTB elderly | No description | 102 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor Tb awareness |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Misdiagnosis | ||||||
| Hou 2001 [54] | CS | Hubei Province | New SP PTB | No description | 823 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness, and low income level |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Consulting with traditional medicine providers first | ||||||
| Liu 2000 [55] | CS | Hunan Province | SP PTB, | Rural/urban | 290 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness and knowledge; |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Misdiagnosis, poor referral, not prescribing smear test | ||||||
| Li 2010 [56] | CS | Shandong Province | PTB, elderly | Rural/urban | 322 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: 61 to 65 years old and lower income level |
| Lian 2003 [57] | CS | Guangzhou Province | Newly SP PTB | No description | 117 | PD (>2 weeks) | PD: Poor TB awareness, low income level, busy with work, traffic barrier. |
| DD (>2 weeks) | DD: Consulting with traditional medicine providers first |
