Hypnotics and mortality in an elderly general population: a 12-year prospective study

Table 4 Risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer as causes of death over 12 years according hypnotic use

	Cardiovascular disease deaths								Cancer deaths
	No n = 6,311		Yes N = 385		Model 1^a		Model 2^b		No n = 6,174		Yes N = 522		Model 1^a		Model 2^b
Variable	n	%	n	%	HR [95% CI]	P	HR [95% CI]	P	n	%	n	%	HR [95% CI]	P	HR [95% CI]	P
Hypnotic use
No	4,962	78.62	280	72.73	1	0.02	1	0.56	4,818	78.04	424	81.23	1	0.38	1	0.73
Yes	1,349	21.38	105	27.27	1.32 [1.04;1.66]		0.92 [0.71;1.20]		1,356	21.96	98	18.77	0.90 [0.72;1.13]		0.96 [0.74;1.23]
Number of hypnotics
0	4,962	78.62	280	72.73	1	0.03	1	0.78	4,818	78.04	424	81.23	1	0.67	1	0.94
1	1,154	18.29	88	22.86	1.26 [0.99;1.61]		0.94 [0.72;1.23]		1,157	18.74	85	16.28	0.91 [0.72;1.15]		0.96 [0.74;1.25]
≥2	195	3.09	17	4.42	1.69 [1.03;2.76]		0.83 [0.45;1.52]		199	3.22	13	2.49	0.89 [0.51;1.54]		0.93 [0.50;1.72]
BZD
No	5,321	84.31	305	79.22	1	0.004	1	0.60	5,170	83.74	456	87.36	1	0.27	1	0.42
Yes	990	15.69	80	20.78	1.45 [1.13;1.87]		1.08 [0.81;1.43]		1,004	16.26	66	12.64	0.86 [0.66;1.12]		0.89 [0.66;1.19]
BZD-like compounds
No	6,008	95.20	367	95.32	1	0.65	1	0.12	5,879	95.22	496	95.02	1	0.78	1	0.44
Yes	303	4.80	18	4.68	0.90 [0.56;1.44]		0.67 [0.40;1.11]		295	4.78	26	4.98	1.06 [0.71;1.57]		1.18 [0.77;1.82]
Miscellaneous medications
No	6,123	97.02	369	95.84	1	0.64	1	0.43	5,986	96.95	506	96.93	1	0.88	1	0.95
Yes	188	2.98	16	4.16	1.13 [0.68;1.87]		0.80 [0.45;1.41]		188	3.05	16	3.07	0.96 [0.58;1.59]		1.02 [0.59;1.74]

^aAdjusted for age, study center, and gender; ^badjusted for all covariates in model 1 plus high level of education, confinement, alcohol intake, smoking status, history of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, Mini Mental State Examination score, body mass index, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, depressive symptoms, antidepressants use, Spielberger trait anxiety score, excessive daytime sleepiness, and number of insomnia complaints. BZD, benzodiazepines; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratios.

ISSN: 1741-7015