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Table 2 HR (95% CI) of lifestyle risk factors for all-cause mortality, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort a

From: Lifestyle risk factors and residual life expectancy at age 40: a German cohort study

 

    Men (n = 10,235)

    Women (n = 12,234)

 

Deaths

    Univariate

Multivariableb

Deaths

    Univariate

Multivariableb

Smoking category

      

Never smokers

209

1.00

1.00

273

1.00

1.00

Long-term quitters

313

1.29 (1.09, 1.54)

1.21 (1.01, 1.44)

84

1.01 (0.79, 1.29)

1.03 (0.80, 1.32)

Short-term quitters

118

2.13 (1.70, 2.68)

1.87 (1.49, 2.35)

33

1.10 (0.77, 1.58)

1.14 (0.79, 1.64)

Light smokers

71

2.26 (1.73, 2.96)

2.02 (1.54, 2.65)

66

1.93 (1.47, 2.53)

2.00 (1.52, 2.63)

Heavy smokers

329

4.20 (3.53, 5.00)

3.49 (2.90, 4.18)

103

2.82 (2.23, 3.55)

2.75 (2.16, 3.48)

Body weight status

      

Optimal BMI

164

1.00

1.00

114

1.00

1.00

Low BMI

90

1.78 (1.37, 2.30)

1.61 (1.23, 2.07)

127

1.38 (1.07, 1.78)

1.34 (1.04, 1.73)

Overweight

535

1.28 (1.08, 1.53)

1.16 (0.97, 1.38)

185

1.10 (0.87, 1.39)

1.08 (0.85, 1.37)

Obesity

251

1.83 (1.50, 2.22)

1.51 (1.23, 1.86)

133

1.56 (1.21, 2.00)

1.55 (1.19, 2.02)

Alcoholic drinks/day

      

≤2 (men)/ ≤0.5 (women)

494

1.00

1.00

343

1.00

1.00

2.1 to 4 (men)/ 0.6 to 1 (women)

299

1.36 (1.18, 1.57)

1.24 (1.07, 1.44)

101

0.87 (0.70, 1.09)

0.86 (0.69, 1.08)

>4 (men)/ >1 (women)

247

2.07 (1.78, 2.42)

1.50 (1.28, 1.75)

115

1.24 (1.00, 1.53)

1.15 (0.92, 1.44)

Leisure time physical activity

      

Low versus high

555/485

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

1.05 (0.93, 1.19)

310/249

1.24 (1.05, 1.46)

1.16 (0.98, 1.37)

Processed/red meat consumption

      

High versus low

393/647

1.43 (1.26, 1.62)

1.21 (1.06, 1.38)

72/487

1.54 (1.20, 1.97)

1.40 (1.08, 1.80)

Vegetable/fruit consumption

      

Low versus high

578/462

1.32 (1.16, 1.49)

1.19 (1.05, 1.35)

222/337

1.19 (1.01, 1.41)

1.11 (0.93, 1.32)

Cereal consumption

      

Low versus high

596/444

1.19 (1.06, 1.35)

1.08 (0.96, 1.23)

407/152

1.10 (0.91, 1.33)

1.04 (0.86, 1.26)

Fish consumption

      

Low versus high

427/613

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

1.04 (0.91, 1.18)

296/263

1.20 (1.02, 1.42)

1.17 (0.99, 1.39)

Dairy product consumption

      

High versus low

407/633

0.92 (0.81, 1.05)

1.07 (0.95, 1.22)

277/282

0.95 (0.81, 1.12)

1.02 (0.86, 1.21)

  1. aParticipants with pre-existing diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer were excluded. bThe lifestyle risk factors were mutually adjusted for. Education and self-reported hypertension and hyperlipidemia were also adjusted for as confounding factors. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR, hazard ratio.
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