Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

Table 33 Comparison of effects of smoking and smokeless tobacco on smoking-related cancer^a in US males aged 35+

	Oropharynx	Oesophagus	Pancreas	Larynx	Lung	Bladder	Kidney	Total
Number of deaths (D_i)^b	5,224	10,578	16,105	2,980	90,096	9,181	8,041	142,205
Relative risks^c
Current cigarette smoking (R_ci)	27.48	7.60	2.14	10.48	22.36	2.86	2.95
Former cigarette smoking (R_fi)	8.80	5.83	1.12	5.24	9.36	1.90	1.95
Deaths if all the population were never smokers (D_i*)^d	567	2,681	12,524	679	10,901	5,445	4,671	37,468
Deaths eliminated if all the population were never smokers (E)^e								104,737
Relative risks^f
- any ST use (R_si)	1.36	1.13	1.07	1.34	1.00^g	1.00^h	1.09
Deaths in a population of never smokersⁱ
Same % become ST users as were smokers (D_i**)	676	2,866	12,988	801	10,901	5,445	4,894	38,570
100% of population become ST users (D_i***)	772	3,029	13,400	910	10,901	5,445	5,091	39,548
Increase in deaths in a population of never smokers^j
Same % become ST users as were smokers (I₁)								1,102
100% of population become ST users (I₂)								2,081

^a ICD 10^th revision codes [127] used are oropharynx (C00–C14), oesophagus (C15), pancreas (C25), larynx (C32), lung (C33, C34), bladder (C67) and kidney (C64–C66, C68).
^b Numbers of deaths in 2005 from WHO [123]. Here and for other results, the entries in brackets correspond to the notation used in the methods section.
^c Relative risks from US Surgeon General's Report 1989 [122] Table 6 p 150, derived from CPS-II.
^d D_i* is calculated as shown in the methods section, assuming 21.8% of current smokers and 31.2% of former smokers, based on the National Health Interview Survey 2005 [124].
^e E = Σ (D_i - D_i*).
^f Relative risks for any ST use, based on smoking-adjusted data, as given in Tables 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20 and 22 for the seven cancers shown.
^g Actually 0.99, but taken as 1.00 for the purposes of estimation.
^h Actually 0.95, but taken as 1.00 for the purposes of estimation.
ⁱ D_i** and D_i*** are calculated as shown in the methods section, assuming that 53.0% or 100.0% respectively of the population use ST.
^j I₁ = Σ (D_i** - D_i*), I₂ = Σ (D_i*** - D_i*)

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