Physicians
| | | | | |
Goodwin 1979 [19]
|
Hospital (house officers)
|
Pure*
|
78%
|
Ever use for pain relief
| |
Gray 1981 [20]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
80%
|
Ever use
| |
Classen 1985 [23]
|
Unclear
|
Pure
|
60%
|
Use 'sometimes'
|
About 30% less than once a month
|
Classen 1985 [23]
|
Unclear
|
Impure
|
54%
|
Use 'sometimes'
| |
Lynöe 1993 [26]
|
Unclear
|
Both
|
99%
|
Ever use
|
None very often, 1% often, 4% rather often, 26% quite rarely, 68% rarely/very rarely
|
Hrobjartsson 2003 [30]
|
General practice
|
Both
|
86%
|
During the last year
|
38% 1-10 times/year, 48% > 10 times/year
|
Hrobjartsson 2003 [30]
|
Hospital
|
Both
|
54%
|
During the last year
|
44% 1-10 times/year, 10% > 10 times/year
|
Hrobjartsson 2003 [30]
|
Specialist practice
|
Both
|
41%
|
During the last year
|
31% 1-10 times/year, 10% > 10 times/year
|
Nitzan 2004 [31]
|
Hospital/family practice
|
Pure*
|
53%
|
Use with a minimum frequency of once a year
|
37% once a month or more often†
|
Sherman 2007 [33]
|
Medical school faculty
|
Both
|
45%
|
Ever use
|
15% 1-10×, 8% > 10×, 22% not at all during last year
|
Tilburt 2008 [34]
|
Specialist practice
|
Both
|
80%
|
Ever use
|
34% = once a month, 28% 2-3 times/month, 18% = once a week
|
Bernateck 2009 [35]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
52%
|
Use with a minimum frequency of once a year
|
40% 1-2 times/year, 9% 1-2 times/month, 4% more often
|
Fässler 2009 [37]
|
Primary care
|
Pure
|
17%
|
Ever use
|
93% once a month or less often
|
Fässler 2009 [37]
|
Primary care
|
Impure
|
57%
|
Ever use
| |
Nurses
| | | | | |
Goldberg 1979 [18]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
51%
|
Ever use
|
44% with current use or use in the last 6 months
|
Goodwin 1979 [19]
|
Hospital
|
Pure*
|
82%
|
Ever use for pain relief
| |
Gray 1981 (sample 1) [20]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
80%
|
Ever use
| |
Gray 1981 (sample 2) [20]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
89%
|
At least once during the last 5 years
|
63% during the last year
|
Saupe 1985 [24]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
100%
|
Ever use
|
79% once or less per month, 21% more often
|
Ernst 1997 [27]
|
Unclear
|
Pure
|
57%
|
Ever use
| |
Ernst 1997 [27]
|
Unclear
|
Both
|
68%
|
Ever use
|
12% during the last year
|
Nitzan 2004 [31]
|
Hospital
|
Pure*
|
71%
|
Use with a minimum frequency of once a year
|
37% once a month or more often†
|
Bernateck 2009 [35]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
87%
|
Use with a minimum frequency of once a year
|
45% 1-2 times/year, 33% 1-2 times/month, 9% more often
|
Interns
| | | | | |
Berger 1999 [28]
|
Hospital
|
Pure
|
16%
|
Ever witnessed use
|
Only 2% (1/47) had actually given a placebo
|
Substudies with prospective screening of medical records of hospital patients
| | | | | |
Goodwin 1979 [19]
|
Hospital
|
Pure*
|
0.3%
|
During 6 months (prospective)
| |
Lange 1981 [21]
|
Psychiatric hospital
|
Pure
|
5.1%
|
During 12 months (prospective)
|
6.1% in women, 3.9% in men
|