Table 6 Motor impairment - muscle function
Time-point | Study | Measure used | Augmented therapy | Standard therapy | Mean difference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Number subjects | Mean (SD) | Number subjects | Mean (SD) | Effect size | [95% CI] |
Outcome | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   4 weeks after start therapy | GAPS | Motricity arm + leg | 33 | 119.0 (46.0) | 34 | 111.0 (45.0) | 8.0 | [-13.8,29.8] |
   20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity leg | 26 | 68.2 (25.8) | 34 | 45.2 (24.8) | 23.0 | [10.0,35.9] |
   20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity arm | 29 | 53.1 (32.0) | 34 | 28.9 (28.5) | 24.2 | [9.2,33.1] |
   6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Hand grip force | 10 | 71.9 (49.5) | 8 | 64.8 (39.3) | 7.1 | [-34.0,48.1] |
   5 weeks after start therapy | Lincoln | Hand grip strength | 87 | 0 (25.19) | 90 | 11.0 (36.3) | -11.0 | [-20.2,-1.8] |
| Â | Subtotal - hand grip force/strength | 97 | Â | 98 | Â | -10.1 | [-19.1,-1.2] | |
   6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Pinch grip force | 10 | 31.5 (23.1) | 8 | 24.5 (19.7) | 7.0 | [-12.8,26.8] |
   6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Elbow extend force | 10 | 64.5 (44.6) | 8 | 68.6 (39.6) | -4.1 | [-43.1,34.8] |
   6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Elbow flexion force | 10 | 76.1 (58.7) | 8 | 75.0 (38.7) | 1.1 | [-44.1,46.3] |
   6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee extend torque | 26 | 45.3 (33.2) | 25 | 27.8 (26.3) | 17.5 a | [1.1, 33.9] |
   6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee flexion torque | 26 | 34.0 (23.1) | 25 | 19.0 (17.8) | 15.0 a | [3.7, 26.3] |
Follow-up 1 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   3 months after start therapy | GAPS | Motricity arm + leg | 32 | 130.0 (44.0) | 33 | 120.0 (42.0) | 10.0 | [-10.9,30.9] |
   26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity leg | 26 | 68.2 (25.3) | 34 | 27.2 (26.8) | 41.0 | [27.7,54.3] |
   26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity arm | 29 | 48.6 (31.1) | 34 | 31.1 (30.1) | 17.5 | [2.3,32.7] |
   3 months after stroke | Rodgers | Motricity arm | 54 | 85.0 (20.0) | 51 | 78.0 (36.3) | 7.0 | [-4.3,18.3] |
| Â | Subtotal - Motricity arm | 83 | Â | 85 | Â | 10.7 | [1.7,19.8] | |
   18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee extend torque | 19 | 56.4 (36.3) | 18 | 37.9 (27.8) | 18.5a | [-2.3, 39.3] |
   18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee flexion torque | 19 | 41.7 (28.8) | 18 | 25.2 (22.9) | 16.5a | [-0.2, 33.2] |
   3 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Hand grip strength | 84 | 9.0 (28.2) | 84 | 19.0 (43.0) | -10.0 | [-19.5,1.8] |
Follow-up 2 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   6 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Hand grip strength | 81 | 23.0 (40.7) | 81 | 25.0 (45.2) | -2.0 | [-15.3,11.3] |
   6 months after stroke | Rodgers | Motricity arm | 48 | 83.0 (28.2) | 48 | 77.0 (25.9) | 6.0 | [-4.8,16.8] |
   6 months after start therapy | GAPS | Motricity arm + leg | 30 | 124.0 (42.0) | 34 | 121.0 (51.0) | 3.0 | [-19.8,25.8] |