Table 3 Models for predicting risk of other diabetes outcomesa
Study | Year | Country | Model objective (undiagnosed or incident diabetes) | Definition of diabetes as reported | Risk predictors in the model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bindraban et al. [54] | 2008 | The Netherlands | Diagnosed and undiagnosed | FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or self-report | Age, BMI, waist circumference, resting heart rate, first-degree relative with diabetes, hypertension, history of CVD, ethnicity |
Cabrera de León et al. [24] | 2008 | Canary Islands | Unclear | Persons recorded as having diabetes if they said they had the disease and reported dietary or pharmacological treatment with oral antidiabetics or insulin. Persons were considered to have undetected type 2 diabetes if they were unaware of disease at time of inclusion in study but had two consecutive FPG values ≥ 7 mmol/L (≥ 126 mg/dL). | Men: age, waist/height ratio, family history of diabetes Women: age, waist/height ratio, family history of diabetes, gestational diabetes |
Gray et al. [58] | 2010 | UK | Undiagnosed and impaired glucose regulation | Participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes according to WHO criteria [1] with FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L and/or 2-h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L. IFG defined as FPG between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L inclusive. | Age, ethnicity, sex, first-degree family history of diabetes, antihypertensive therapy or history of hypertension, waist circumference, BMI |
Griffin et al. [55] | 2000 | UK | Diagnosed and undiagnosed | Classified according to WHO criteria | Sex, prescribed antihypertensive medication, prescribed steroids, age, BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking status |
Heikes et al. [56] | 2008 | USA | Undiagnosed and pre-diabetes | Diabetes is defined as FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL and/or 2-h OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL. Prediabetes defined as IFG and/or IGT without diabetes. Undiagnosed diabetes defined as presence of actual diabetes based on FPG and/or 2-h OGTTand absence of having been told that he or she has diabetes. | Age, waist circumference, history of gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes, ethnicity, high blood pressure, weight, height, parental diabetes, exercise |
Kanaya et al. [57] | 2005 | USA | Abnormal PCPG | Abnormal 2-h PG postchallenge test result (≥ 140 mg/dL) | Sex, age, triglycerides, FPG |
Xie et al. [26] | 2010 | China | Diagnosed and undiagnosed | Participants without a previous diagnosis of diabetes were categorised according to the ADA diagnostic criteria as follows: undiagnosed diabetes (FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L) and impaired fasting glycaemia (6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L). Diabetes was defined as self-reported history of diabetes plus undiagnosed diabetes. | Men: waist circumference, age Women: waist/hip ratio, age |