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Table 7 Overview of extracted descriptive study data for the discipline Sports

From: Best practice for motor imagery: a systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines

Reference

First author

Year

Country

Language

Study duration, days

Intervention duration, days

Study design

Study groups

Number of participants

Participants

Gender

Age, years

Body part

Training task

Focus

Measurement events

Results

Study rating

                 

Relative change

Absolute change

 

[182]

Casby, A

1998

UK

E

84

46

SCRD

N/A

4

Expert swimmers

Both

Mean = 16, range 16 to 17

Whole body

Freestyle swimming turn

M

50 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

N/A

→

8/11

[54]

Grouios, G

1992

GR

E

14

7

RCT

5

100

Top level athletes

Male

Mean = 22, range 18 to 25

Upper limb

Pushing button

C

2 (pre-post test)

↗

↗

7/10

[183]

Guillot, A

2009

FR

E

56

42

CS

N/A

10

Basketball players

Female

Mean = 23

Whole body

Three strategic basketball tactics

C

2 (pre-post test)

N/A

↗

8/11

[55]

Guillot, A

2010

FR

E

999

35

RCT

2

21

Synchronised swimmers

Female

Mean = 15, SD 2

Whole body

Stretching exercises

M

2 (pre-post test)

↗

↗

7/10

[184]

Olsson, CJ

2008

SE

E

999

42

RCT

2

19

High-jump athletes

Both

Mean = 19 ± 3, range 16 to 29

Whole body

High jump

M

2 (pre-post test)

↗

↗

6/10

[79]

Robin, N

2007

FR

E

70

56

CCT

3

30

Tennis players

NSt

Mean = 19 ± 3

Whole body

Tennis service return

M

2 (pre-post test)

→

↗

6/10

[185]

Shambrook, CJ

1996

UK

E

84

84

SCRD

N/A

4

Basketball players

Female

Mean = 20, SD 2

Whole body

Basketball free throw

M

26 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

N/A

↗

9/11

[80]

Smith, D

2007

UK

E

999

42

RCT

4

48

University hockey players

Both

Mean = 20 ± 3

Whole body

Field hockey penalty flicks

C

2 (pre-post test)

↗

↗

7/10

[80]

Smith, D

2007

UK

E

999

42

RCT

4

40

Junior gymnasts

Female

Mean = 10 ± 2, range 7 to 14

Whole body

Full turning straight jump

C

2 (pre-post test)

→

↗

8/10

[81]

Smith, D

2008

UK

E

999

42

RCT

4

32

Golf players

Male

NSt

Whole body

Hitting golf ball out of bunker

M

2 (pre-post test)

↗

↗

7/10

[186]

Ziemainz, H

2003

DE

G

14

2

RCT

3

27

Triathletes

Both

Mean = 16, range 15 to 17

Whole body

Changing between triathlon-specific sports

M

3 (pre-post test, FU)

→

↗

5/10