| | |
Baseline to 18 weeks (i.e., post intervention)
|
Baseline to 36 weeks
|
---|
| |
Baseline
|
Within-group difference
|
Between-group difference
|
Within-group difference
|
Between-group difference
|
---|
| |
Mean (SD)
|
Mean
|
[95 % CI]
|
Mean
|
[95 % CI]
|
ES
|
Mean
|
[95 % CI]
|
Mean
|
[95 % CI]
|
ES
|
---|
EORTC questionnaire
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Quality of life
|
UC
|
72.5 (19.4)
|
−4.5
|
[−8.8 to −0.3]
| |
Reference
| |
5.5
|
[1.2 to 9.9]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
74.8 (20.4)
|
−4.4
|
[−8.4 to −0.4]
|
2.3
|
[−2.4 to 6.9]
|
0.11
|
4.2
|
[0.0 to 8.3]
|
0.7
|
[−4.1 to 5.5]
|
0.03
|
Physical functioning
|
UC
|
85.0 (14.3)
|
−5.8
|
[−9.1 to −2.5]
| |
Reference
| |
0.8
|
[−2.5 to 4.2]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
85.3 (14.2)
|
−4.2
|
[−7.3 to −1.1]
|
2.2
|
[−2.1 to 6.6]
|
0.16
|
0.4
|
[−2.8 to 3.6]
|
0.0
|
[−4.5 to 4.5]
|
0.00
|
Role functioning
|
UC
|
69.1 (23.6)
|
−6.7
|
[−12.4 to −1.0]
| |
Reference
| |
6.1
|
[0.3 to 11.9]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
69.8 (23.5)
|
−1.3
|
[−6.7 to 4.1]
|
5.9
|
[−1.1 to 12.9]
|
0.25
|
10.4
|
[4.8 to 15.9]
|
4.1
|
[−3.1 to 11.4]
|
0.18
|
Emotional functioning
|
UC
|
79.2 (17.9)
|
2.5
|
[−1.0 to 6.0]
| |
Reference
| |
4.3
|
[0.7 to 7.9]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
80.9 (18.2)
|
0.9
|
[−2.3 to 4.2]
|
−0.6
|
[−5.3 to 4.1]
|
−0.03
|
0.4
|
[−3.0 to 3.7]
|
−3.0
|
[−7.8 to 1.9]
|
−0.16
|
Cognitive functioning
|
UC
|
81.7 (23.4)
|
−7.8
|
[−13.1 to −2.5]
| |
Reference
| |
−6.9
|
[−12.3 to −1.5]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
78.8 (23.6)
|
−10.1
|
[−15.1 to −5.1]
|
−4.4
|
[−11.3 to 2.5]
|
−0.19
|
−7.0
|
[−12.1 to −1.8]
|
−2.0
|
[−9.2 to 5.1]
|
−0.09
|
Social functioning
|
UC
|
80.9 (22.2)
|
−9.0
|
[−14.2 to −3.7]
| |
Reference
| |
1.3
|
[−4.1 to 6.7]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
80.6 (22.0)
|
−7.6
|
[−12.6 to −2.7]
|
1.0
|
[−5.3 to 7.3]
|
0.04
|
3.7
|
[−1.4 to 8.9]
|
1.3
|
[−5.1 to 7.8]
|
0.06
|
Fatigue
|
UC
|
33.4 (23.4)
|
9.0
|
[3.9 to 14.1]
| |
Reference
| |
−1.5
|
[−6.7 to 3.7]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
32.2 (25.1)
|
7.4
|
[2.5 to 12.2]
|
−3.0
|
[−9.1 to 3.1]
|
−0.12
|
−3.9
|
[−8.8 to 1.1]
|
−2.6
|
[−8.9 to 3.7]
|
−0.11
|
Pain
|
UC
|
22.9 (25.4)
|
−0.4
|
[−5.7 to 4.8]
| |
Reference
| |
−0.6
|
[−6.0 to 4.8]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
24.0 (23.2)
|
−3.1
|
[−8.1 to 1.8]
|
−3.0
|
[−9.4 to 3.5]
|
−0.12
|
−0.5
|
[−5.7 to 4.6]
|
−0.1
|
[−6.7 to 6.6]
|
0.00
|
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Depression
|
UC
|
2.4 (2.7)
|
1.0
|
[0.4 to 1.5]
| |
Reference
| |
0.0
|
[−0.6 to 0.6]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
2.5 (3.1)
|
0.8
|
[0.3 to 1.3]
|
0.0
|
[−0.8 to 0.7]
|
−0.01
|
0.0
|
[−0.5 to 0.6]
|
0.2
|
[−0.6 to 0.9]
|
0.06
|
Anxiety
|
UC
|
4.2 (3.0)
|
−0.5
|
[−1.1 to 0.1]
| |
Reference
| |
−0.3
|
[−0.9 to 0.3]
| |
Reference
| |
|
I
|
4.4 (3.4)
|
−0.2
|
[−0.8 to 0.3]
|
0.2
|
[−0.6 to 1.0]
|
0.06
|
0.2
|
[−0.4 to 0.8]
|
0.5
|
[−0.4 to 1.3]
|
0.15
|
- ES effect size, I intervention group, UC usual care group
- Negative ES for fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression and positive ES for quality of life, physical functioning, role functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning and social functioning indicate effects in favour of the exercise intervention group
- Between-group effects were assessed using mixed models including the measurements obtained at 18 and 36 weeks, adjusted for age, hospital, radiotherapy, use of tissue expander, receptor status and the value of the outcome variable at baseline
- Within-group effects were assessed using mixed models including the measurements obtained at baseline, 18 and 36 weeks, adjusted for age, hospital, radiotherapy, use of tissue expander, and receptor status
- Baseline results and within-group differences were based on participants having baseline measurements (102 participants in each group). Between-group differences were based on participants for whom measurements at 18 or 36 weeks were available (93 intervention and 89 usual care)