From: Health and wealth in Mesoamerica: findings from Salud Mesomérica 2015
Characteristic | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 15,563) | (N = 15,494) | (N = 14,904) | ||||
Pseudo-R2 = 0.297 | Pseudo-R2 = 0.301 | Pseudo-R2 = 0.306 | ||||
OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
Country | ||||||
GTM | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
HND | 15.58 (11.37-21.37) | <0.001 | 15.13 (11.08-20.64) | <0.001 | 16.36 (11.83-22.61) | <0.001 |
MEX | 3.17 (2.40-4.18) | <0.001 | 3.17 (2.40-4.18) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.58-2.98) | <0.001 |
NIC | 28.53 (20.00-40.69) | <0.001 | 27.42 (19.20-39.17) | <0.001 | 28.09 (19.59-40.29) | <0.001 |
PAN | 16.59 (10.12-27.20) | <0.001 | 19.27 (11.34-32.73) | <0.001 | 20.07 (11.73-34.35) | <0.001 |
SLV | 19.53 (14.58-26.17) | <0.001 | 17.64 (12.76-24.38) | <0.001 | 20.42 (14.75-28.28) | <0.001 |
Household expenditure | ||||||
Quintile 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
Quintile 2 | 1.30 (1.07-1.58) | 0.009 | 1.31 (1.07-1.60) | 0.010 | 1.31 (1.07-1.61) | 0.010 |
Quintile 3 | 1.59 (1.28-1.97) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.28-1.99) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.22-1.91) | <0.001 |
Quintile 4 | 2.39 (1.92-2.99) | <0.001 | 2.38 (1.90-2.99) | <0.001 | 2.24 (1.78-2.83) | <0.001 |
Quintile 5 | 3.06 (2.43-3.85) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.37-3.77) | <0.001 | 2.82 (2.23-3.56) | <0.001 |
Asset score | 3.74 (1.91-7.33) | <0.001 | 3.81 (1.88-7.72) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.18-4.92) | 0.016 |
Attained education level | ||||||
No schooling | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
Primary school or literacy course | 1.61 (1.35-1.92) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.34-1.88) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.22-1.75) | <0.001 |
Secondary school or higher | 3.20 (2.56-3.99) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.39-3.72) | <0.001 | 2.64 (2.11-3.31) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | ||||||
15-19 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
20-24 | 1.18 (0.97-1.43) | 0.097 | 1.11 (0.91-1.37) | 0.294 | 1.10 (0.89-1.35) | 0.392 |
25-29 | 1.49 (1.22-1.82) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.08-1.64) | 0.007 | 1.28 (1.03-1.58) | 0.025 |
30-34 | 2.38 (1.84-3.07) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.61-2.70) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.53-2.59) | <0.001 |
35-39 | 3.76 (2.78-5.09) | <0.001 | 3.18 (2.36-4.29) | <0.001 | 3.05 (2.23-4.17) | <0.001 |
40-44 | 3.41 (2.35-4.96) | <0.001 | 2.83 (1.94-4.13) | <0.001 | 2.62 (1.78-3.84) | <0.001 |
45-49 | 4.81 (2.62-8.83) | <0.001 | 3.79 (2.05-7.02) | <0.001 | 3.46 (1.85-6.50) | <0.001 |
Parity | 0.72 (0.69-0.76) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.71-0.78) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.72-0.79) | <0.001 |
Household size | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) | 0.043 | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) | 0.069 | ||
Head of household is female | 1.29 (1.01-1.64) | 0.038 | 1.24 (0.96-1.60) | 0.093 | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Employed and working for money | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Homemaker | 0.71 (0.53-0.95) | 0.023 | 0.73 (0.54-0.98) | 0.037 | ||
Otherb | 1.18 (0.75-1.88) | 0.472 | 1.25 (0.79-2.00) | 0.341 | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Married | 1.25 (0.94-1.65) | 0.127 | 1.23 (0.91-1.64) | 0.173 | ||
Union | 0.97 (0.75-1.24) | 0.780 | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) | 0.674 | ||
Divorced, separated, widowed, other | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) | 0.625 | 0.97 (0.71-1.32) | 0.839 | ||
Insured | 1.77 (1.40-2.24) | <0.001 | ||||
Travel time to usual health facilityc | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.869 | ||||
Received counseling from a community health worker in the past month | 0.72 (0.59-0.89) | 0.002 | ||||
Exposure to any media in the past week (newspaper, radio, television) | 1.31 (1.11-1.54) | 0.001 | ||||
Barriers to seeking medical care | ||||||
Mother had no recent illness | 1.15 (0.86-1.53) | 0.348 | ||||
Care sought for mother’s recent illness | 1.27 (0.90-1.79) | 0.180 | ||||
Among mothers who were recently ill and did not seek care | ||||||
Care is too expensive | 1.42 (0.77-2.60) | 0.258 | ||||
Health center is too far away | 1.10 (0.53-2.28) | 0.788 | ||||
Could not get transportation | 0.69 (0.38-1.24) | 0.210 | ||||
Facility infrastructure is poor | 2.72 (1.01-7.30) | 0.048 | ||||
Facility has insufficient drugs | 1.09 (0.72-1.65) | 0.676 | ||||
Health center is not well equipped | 0.59 (0.30-1.19) | 0.139 | ||||
Staff are difficult to deal with | 1.67 (0.84-3.34) | 0.146 | ||||
Staff is not knowledgeable | 2.38 (0.59-9.58) | 0.224 | ||||
No trust in staff | 0.71 (0.32-1.61) | 0.417 | ||||
Could not get permission to go to the doctor | 0.59 (0.03-10.85) | 0.720 | ||||
Did not want to go alone | 0.76 (0.28-2.12) | 0.606 | ||||
Too busy with work or children | 0.69 (0.42-1.16) | 0.164 |