Antonini et al. [35]
|
7–11
|
49 (7.92, 1.11)C
|
45 (8.29, 1.34)
|
No
|
WIAT-II
|
97.06 (13.19)C
|
112.84 (18.7)
|
<0.0001
C
|
High
|
53 (8.36, 1.30)I
|
97.89 (13.79)I
|
<0.0001
I
|
August et al. [49]
|
6–11
|
79 (8.90, 1.17)
|
61 (8.70, 1.19)
|
NR
|
WRAT-R
|
92.80 (16)
|
93.5 (17)
|
>0.05
|
High
|
Barry et al. [32]
|
8–14
|
30 (11.10, 1.30)C
|
33 (11.24, 1.20)
|
No
|
MBA
|
1.52 (12.38)a
|
10.39 (12.77)a
|
<0.05
|
High
|
3 (11.10, 1.30)I
|
Bauermeister et al. [31]
|
6–11
|
140 [(32.1%)C; (17.1%)I; (2.8%)U] (8.31, 1.70)
|
NR (8.31, 1.70)
|
No
|
WPB-S
|
β = −0.33I
|
<0.001
|
High
|
Benedetto-Nasho et al. [25]
|
7–11
|
14 (9.55, 1.01)
|
15 (9.02, 1.14)
|
No
|
MCW
|
21.66 (12.13)P
|
47.32 (15.20)P
|
<0.001
P
|
High
|
52.53 (35.79)A
|
76.98 (18.04)A
|
<0.05
A
|
11.31 (10.92)E
|
36.79 (15.24)E
|
<0.001
E
|
Biederman et al. [44]
|
Adults
|
84 (38.90, 9)
|
142 (NR)
|
Yes
|
WRAT-R
|
101.8 (15.30)
|
108.5 (14.70)
|
<0.001
|
High
|
Biederman et al. [37]
|
6–17
|
128 (10.60, 3.00)b
|
109 (11.60, 3.70)b
|
Yes
|
WRAT-R
|
96.8 (17.40)b
|
111.30 (16.10)b
|
<
0.05
b
|
High
|
128 (14.40, 3.10)f
|
109 (15.2, 3.70)f
|
93.4 (18.30)f
|
109.50 (15.70)f
|
<
0.05
f
|
Biederman et al. [46]
|
6–17
|
100 (9.0, NR)Y
|
69 (8.90, NR)Y
|
NR
|
WRAT-R
|
96.70 (16.50)Y,b
|
111.70 (15.90)Y,b
|
<0.001
|
High
|
93.30 (18.30)Y,f
|
110.10 (16.20)Y,f
|
40 (14.40, NR)O
|
51 (15.20, NR)O
|
96.80 (19.00)O,b
|
111.10 (17.10)O,b
|
93.80 (18.20)O,f
|
108.40 (14.80)O,f
|
Biederman et al. [40]
|
6–18
|
140 (11.20, 3.40)
|
122 (12.20,
|
Yes
|
WRAT
|
95.50 (13.30)
|
106.20 (15.40)
|
<0.001
|
High
|
DuPaul et al. [5]
|
NR
|
95 (8.50, 1.20)C
|
53 (8.50, 1.10)
|
Yes
|
WJ-III
|
94.50 (12.70)
|
113.40 (10.30)
|
<0.001
|
High
|
31 (8.50, 1.20)I
|
10 (8.50, 1.20)H
|
Efron et al. [41]
|
6 – 8
|
93 (7.3, 0.4)C
|
212 (7.3, 0.4)
|
Yes
|
WRAT
|
90.2 (14.7)
|
102.8 (13.4)
|
<0.001
|
High
|
64 (7.3, 0.4)I
|
Subtypes = NS individually
|
22 (7.3, 0.4)H
|
β = –0.69
|
Faraone et al. [18]
|
6–17
|
93 (10.7, 3.10)b
|
120 (11.6, 3.70)b
|
Yes
|
WRAT-R
|
103.60 (14.40)b
|
111.30 (16.10)b
|
<0.05
b
|
Medium
|
83 (14.8, 3.20)f
|
109 (15.5, 3.70)f
|
98.80 (16.10)f
|
109.50 (15.70)f
|
<0.05
f
|
Faraone et al. [45]
|
6–17
|
485 (10.90, NR)Y
|
78 (10.80, NR)Y
|
NR
|
WRAT-R
|
92.70 (22.50)Y
|
110 (15.20)Y
|
<0.001
|
High
|
326 (10.90, NR)O
|
54 (10.80, NR)O
|
88 (25.00)O
|
111.8 (15.7)O
|
Frick et al. [26]
|
7–12
|
92 (9.50, NR)C
|
42 (10.60, NR)
|
No
|
BASIS
|
Underachievers: 14 % C, 7 % I
|
Underachievers:2%
|
<0.05
C
|
Medium
|
13 (9.50, NR)I
|
>0.05I
|
Gremillion et al. [36]
|
6–12
|
266 (9.72, 1.50)
|
207 (9.79, 1.48)
|
No
|
WIAT-II
|
40.12 (9.39)
|
43.09 (9.22)
|
<0.001
| |
r = −0.27C
|
<0.001
|
High
|
r = −0.22I
|
<0.001
| |
r = −0.28H
|
<0.001
| |
Greven et al. [50]
|
NR
|
2191 (12, NR)MZ
|
NR
|
UNT, NNPT,CKT
|
Genetic correlation:
| |
High
|
3930 (12, NR)DZ
|
ra = –0.41 (95 % CI: –0.47, –0.37)I
|
Significant
|
rc = 0.12 (95 % CI: –0.12, 0.35)I
|
NS
|
re = –0.20 (95 % CI: –0.23, –0.16)I
|
Significant
|
ra = –0.22 (95 % CI: –0.28, –0.17)H
|
Significant
|
rc = –0.27 (95 % CI: –0.44, –0.04)H
|
Significant
|
re = 0.00 (95 % CI: –0.04, 0.04)H
|
NS
|
Phenotypic correlation:
| |
r = –0.26 (95 % CI: –0.28, –0.24)I
|
Significant
|
r = –0.18 (95 % CI: –0.20, –0.16)H
|
Significant
|
Hart et al. [19]
|
NR
|
271 (9.82, 0.99)MZ
|
NR
|
WJ-III
|
Genetic Covariance:
|
<0.05
I
|
High
|
159 (9.82, 0.99)DZ
|
covar = 0.36 (95 % CI: 0.23, 0.50)I
|
covar = 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.27, 0.43)H
|
Shared environment:
|
<0.05
H
|
covar = 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.84, 0.92)I
|
covar = 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.89, 0.92)H
|
Kaufmann & Nuerk [20]
|
8.8 –11.7
|
16 (10.20, 1.40)
|
16 (10.40, 1.30)
|
NR
|
NV-CNR
|
91.4 (10.16)
|
97.27 (2.55)
|
0.02
|
Medium
|
75 (24.15)
|
81.25 (17.08)
|
V-CNR
|
96.15 (4.58)
|
98.44 (2.54)
|
0.45
|
97.92 (3.02)
|
95.83 (11.39)
|
99.06 (2.02)
|
99.69 (1.25)
|
SMC
|
94.8 (5.61)
|
96.68 (3.12)
|
0.65
|
CMC
|
56.26 (20.20)
|
68.36 (18.45)
|
0.30
|
WMC
|
70.84 (25.97)
|
79.16 (17.87)
|
0.50
|
Kempton et al. [28]
|
6–12
|
15 (8.65, 1.53)
|
15 (8.81, 1.48)
|
No
|
WRAT
|
83.00 (10.92)
|
88.6 (15.72)
|
>0.05
|
High
|
Laasonen et al. [33]
|
18–55
|
30 (31.60, 8.17)
|
40 (37.15, 11.70)
|
No
|
WAIS-III
|
10.90 (3.17)
|
12.18 (2.40)
|
>0.05
|
Medium
|
Lamminmäki et al. [39]
|
NR
|
17 (8.67, 1.28)C
|
22 (8.92, 1.4)
|
Yes
|
WJ-III
|
Z-score:
|
–0.53 (0.83)
|
0.070
|
High
|
–1.33 (0.06)C
|
20 (9.78, 1.33)I
|
–0.88 (0.96)I
|
8 (8.60, 1.29)H
|
–0.50 (1.14)H
|
Lewandowski et al. [21]
|
10–13
|
17 (11, NR)C
|
27 (11, NR)
|
Yes
|
WJ-III
|
92.59 (14.71)
|
102.11 (13.42)
|
<0.05
|
High
|
7 (11, NR)I
|
3 (11, NR)H
|
Massetti et al. [38]
|
4–6b
|
85 (5.20, 0.70)C
|
130 (5.20, 0.08)
|
Yes
|
WJ-III
|
β = −2.55, z = −1.92C
(refers to longitudinal performance of children exhibiting ADHD-C symptoms across all waves of assessment)
|
0.060C
|
High
|
14 (5.70, 0.50)I
|
β = −6.49, z = −3.34I
(refers to overall longitudinal performance)
|
<0.001
I
|
12–14 f
|
26 (5.10, 0.80)H
|
β = 0.40, z = 0.18H
(refers to overall longitudinal performance)
|
0.360H
|
β = −7.27, z = −3.61C,f
(overall performance using DSM-IV number of impairment settings to define subtypes)
|
<0.001
C,f
|
ADHD-I & ADHD-Hf = NS
|
>0.05
|
Mayes & Calhoun [42]
|
6–16
|
724 (9, 2)
|
149 (9, 2)
|
Yes
|
WIAT, WIAT-II, WRAT-III
|
9 %d
|
4 %d
|
<0.001
|
Medium
|
Mealer et al. [22]
|
6–13
|
20 (8.90, 2.08)
|
20 (8.50, 1.93)
|
No
|
WISC - III
|
8.70 (3.52)
|
10.60 (2.7)
|
0.063
|
Medium
|
Papaioannou et al. [48]
|
6–11
| |
835 (103.90, 17.60)
|
NR
|
STAA
|
Z-score:
|
Z-score:
|
0.003
C
|
High
|
|
24 (109.30, 17.10)C
|
−0.80 (1.11)C
|
08 (0.97)
| |
31 (103.90, 16.40)H
|
−0.25 (0.99)H
|
>0.5H
|
33 (100.10, 16.40)I
|
−0.78 (1.07)I
|
0.0001
I
|
Penny et al. [29]
|
6–12
|
32 (8.65, 1.48)C
|
19 (8.40, 1.40)
|
No
|
WRAT-III
|
82.20 (17)
|
89.80 (15)
|
>0.05
|
Medium
|
1I
|
Roy-Byrne et al. [34]
|
18–64
|
46 (33.10, 9.70)
|
46 (39.50, 11.20)
|
No
|
WRAT-R
|
90.20 (19.90)
|
100.60 (23.90)
|
>0.05
|
High
|
Rucklidge et al. [23]
|
13–16
|
24 (14.68, 1.51)F
|
28 (15.31, 1.04)F
|
No
|
WRAT-III
|
96.33 (13.85)F
|
112.78 (12.34)F
|
<0.001
|
High
|
35 (14.80, 1.22) M
|
20 (14.8, 1.22)M
|
90.57 (15.697)M
|
108.20 (10.11)M
|
NR
|
Schachar & Tannock [30]
|
7–11
|
22 (9.20, 1.20)
|
16 (9.0, 1.4)
|
NR
|
WRAT-R
|
92.40 (9.00)
|
97.60 (13.80)
|
>0.05
|
Medium
|
Seidman et al. [24]
|
6–17
|
43 (NR, NR)
|
36 (NR, NR)
|
Yes
|
WRAT-R
|
95.70 (16.00)
|
107.60 (14.30)
|
<0.05
|
Medium
|
Thorell [27]
|
6–7
|
21 (6.30, 0.49)
|
124 (6.30, 0.49)
|
NR
|
NS
|
r = –0.28I
|
<0.001
I
|
Medium
|
r = –0.13H
|
>0.05H
|
Todd et al. [43]
|
7–17
|
149 (13.70, 3.00)C
|
731 (14.20, 3.10)
|
Yes
|
WRAT-III
|
87.3 (13.60)C
| |
<0.001
C
|
High
|
243 (14.30, 3.00)I
|
89.40 (13.50)I
|
96.60 (13.40)
|
<0.001
I
|
31 (15.30, 3.10)H
|
95.50 (11.20)H
| |
>0.05H
|
Zentall et al. [47]
|
7–15
|
107 (NR, NR)
|
121 (NR, NR)
|
NR
|
CAT
|
55.64 (2.97)
|
75.11 (3.00)
|
<0.001
|
High
|
TAT
|
F(2,223) = 58.5 (addition)
|
61.23 (NR)
|
<0.001
|
F(2,223) = 27.95 (subtraction)
|
32.60 (NR)
|
F(2,205) = 75.23 (multiplication)
|
91.79 (NR)
|