Table 2 Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in different countries of the world according to WHO sub-regional classification
WHO sub-regions | Country | M | F | Source | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa (Region D) | Algeria | 21 | 0.4 | STEPS [38] | 2005 |
Benin | 12.7 | 5.7 | STEPS [38] | 2008 | |
Burkina Faso | – | 3.86 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Cameroon | 1.94 | 0.94 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Cape Verde | 3.5 | 5.8 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
Chad | 1.9 | 0.4 | STEPS [38] | 2008 | |
Comoros | 7.72 | 2.99 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
Gabon | 0.48 | 0.34 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
Gambia | 0.8 | 1.4 | STEPS [38] | 2010 | |
Ghana | 1.33 | 0.2 | DHS [39] | 2008 | |
Guinea | 1.4 | 1.5 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
Liberia | 2.3 | 2.4 | DHS [40] | 2007 | |
Madagascar | 24.66 | 19.6 | DHS [39] | 2009 | |
Mali | 5 | 1.2 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
Mauritania | 5.7 | 28.3 | STEPS [38] | 2006 | |
Niger | 4.55 | 2.3 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
Nigeria | 3.2 | 0.5 | DHS [40] | 2008 | |
Sao Tome & Principe | 3.8 | 1.9 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
Senegal | 6.63 | 0.23 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Sierra Leone | 3 | 12 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
Togo | 5.1 | 2.2 | STEPS [38] | 2010 | |
Africa (Region E) | Botswana | 7.2 | 14.5 | STEPS [38] | 2007 |
Burundi | 0.03 | 0.31 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Congo (Brazzaville) | 8.3 | 1.54 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
Congo (Republic) | 8.67 | 3.22 | DHS [39] | 2013 | |
Cote d'Ivoire | 0.61 | 1.27 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
Eritrea | 5.8 | 0.2 | STEPS [38] | 2004 | |
Ethiopia | 1.94 | 0.2 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Kenya | 2.05 | 1.29 | DHS [39] | 2008 | |
Lesotho | 1.3 | 9.1 | DHS [40] | 2009 | |
Malawi | 1.9 | 5 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
Mozambique | 10.94 | 0.82 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Namibia | 1.8 | 2.3 | DHS [40] | 2006–07 | |
Rwanda | 5.8 | 2.73 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
South Africa | 2.4 | 10.9 | DHS [41] | 2003 | |
Swaziland | 2.6 | 0.8 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
Tanzania | 2.03 | 0.83 | DHS [39] | 2010 | |
Uganda | 2.94 | 1.5 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
Zambia | 0.3 | 1.2 | DHS [39] | 2007 | |
Zimbabwe | 1.6 | 0.4 | DHS [41] | 2011 | |
Americas (Region A) | Canada | 2 | – | ICS [41] | 2011 |
USA | 6.5 | 0.4 | ICS [41] | 2010 | |
Americas (Region B) | Argentina | 0.1 | 0.2 | GATS [42] | 2012 |
Barbados | 0 | 0.6 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
Brazil | 0.6 | 0.3 | GATS [42] | 2010 | |
Dominican Republic | 1.9 | 0.3 | DHS [40] | 2007 | |
Grenada | 2.2 | 0.3 | STEPS [38] | 2011 | |
Mexico | 0.3 | 0.3 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
Paraguay | 3 | 1.6 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
St Kitts & Nevisa | 0.3 | 0.1 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
Trinidad & Tobago | 0.5 | 0.3 | STEPS [38] | 2011 | |
Venezuela | 6.2 | 0.9 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
Americas (Region D) | Haiti | – | 2.5 | DHS [40] | 2005–06 |
Eastern Mediterranean (Region B) | Libya | 2.2 | 0.1 | STEPS [38] | 2009 |
Saudi Arabia | 1.3 | 0.5 | STEPS [38] | 2004 | |
Tunisia | 8.6 | 2.2 | ICS [41] | 2005–06 | |
Eastern Mediterranean (Region D) | Egypt | 4.8 | 0.3 | GATS [42] | 2009 |
Iraq | 1.6 | 0.3 | STEPS [38] | 2006 | |
Pakistan | 16.3 | 2.44 | DHS [43] | 2012–13 | |
Sudan | 24.1 | 1 | STEPS [38] | 2005 | |
Yemen | 15.1 | 6.2 | ICS [41] | 2003 | |
Europe (Region A) | Austria | 7.8 | 1.1 | SEBS [44] | 2012 |
Belgium | 1.1 | 0.6 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Cyprus | 2.1 | 0.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Czech Republic | 2.5 | 0.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Denmark | 3 | 1 | ICS [41] | 2010 | |
Finland | 5.5 | 0.3 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
France | 1.2 | 0.6 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Germany | 3.4 | 3.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Iceland | 5.97 | – | ICS [41] | 2008 | |
Ireland | 2.2 | 0.9 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Italy | 1.8 | 1.5 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Luxembourg | 1.8 | 1 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Malta | 5.5 | 1.5 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Netherlands | 0.3 | 0.1 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
Norway | 20 | 6 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
Portugal | 4.4 | 1.1 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Slovenia | 1.8 | 0.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Spain | 0.4 | 0.2 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Sweden | 24 | 7 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
Switzerland | 4 | 1.3 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
United Kingdom | 1.6 | 0.5 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Europe (Region B) | Ajerbaijan | 0.3 | 0 | DHS [40] | 2006 |
Armenia | 1.8 | 0 | DHS [40] | 2005 | |
Bulgaria | 0.3 | 0 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Georgia | 1 | 0.2 | ICS [41] | 2010 | |
Kyrgyzstan | 7 | 0.3 | ICS [41] | 2006 | |
Poland | 1 | 0.1 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
Romania | 0.4 | 0.2 | GATS [42] | 2011 | |
Slovakia | 3.9 | 0.7 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Uzbekistan | 31.8 | 0.2 | DHS [40] | 2002 | |
Europe (Region C) | Latvia | 5.8 | 0.9 | ICS [41] | 2010 |
Lithuania | 1.2 | 0.2 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
Moldova | 0.1 | 0 | DHS [40] | 2005 | |
Russia | 1 | 0.2 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
Ukraine | 0.5 | 0 | GATS [42] | 2010 | |
South East Asia (Region B) | Indonesia | 1.5 | 2 | GATS [42] | 2011 |
Sri Lanka | 24.9 | 6.9 | STEPS [38] | 2006 | |
Thailand | 1.1 | 5.2 | GATS [42] | 2011 | |
South East Asia (Region D) | Bangladesh | 26.4 | 27.9 | GATS [42] | 2009 |
Bhutan | 21.1 | 17.3 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
India | 32.9 | 18.4 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
Maldives | 5.6 | 2.6 | STEPS [38] | 2011 | |
Myanmar | 51.4 | 16.1 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
Nepal | 37.9 | 6 | DHS [41] | 2011 | |
Timor Leste | 2.48 | 1.93 | DHS [43] | 2009–10 | |
Western Pacific (Region A) | Australia | 0.75 | 0.41 | ICS [45] | 2004 |
Western Pacific (Region B) | Cambodia | 2.2 | 14.8 | STEPS [38] | 2010 |
China | 0.7 | 0 | GATS [42] | 2010 | |
Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 14.6 | 1.1 | STEPS [38] | 2008 | |
Malaysia | 0.9 | 0.6 | GATS [42] | 2011 | |
Micronesia | 22.4 | 3 | STEPS [38] | 2002 | |
Mongolia | 2.8 | 0.5 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
Philippines | 2.8 | 1.2 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
Vietnam | 0.3 | 2.3 | GATS [42] | 2010 |