Characteristic | Unit | Weighted mean or proportion (%) (95 % CI) | Pooled odds ratio (95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Very low HbA1c | Low HbA1c | |||
(<5.0 %) | (5.0 to <5.5 %) | |||
(<31 mmol/mol) | (31 to <37 mmol/mol) (reference group) | |||
Age | Years | 61.1 (60.8–61.4) | 62.2 (62.1–62.4) | 0.77 (0.72; 0.81) per 10 years |
Male sex | % | 49.4 (47.4–51.3) | 45.0 (44.1–46.0) | 1.15 (0.93; 1.42)a |
Race/ethnicityb | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | % | 63.3 | 70.0 | Ref |
Non-Hispanic black | % | 20.2 | 11.8 | 1.60 (1.21; 2.12) |
Mexican-American | % | 13.7 | 15.1 | 0.88 (0.65; 1.17) |
Other | % | 2.8 | 3.0 | 0.88 (0.51; 1.53) |
School education | ||||
≤9 years | % | 45.5 (43.4–47.6) | 45.9 (44.9–46.9) | Ref |
10–12 years | % | 36.3 (34.3–38.2) | 39.1 (38.1–40.0) | 0.98 (0.91; 1.05) |
≥13 years | % | 21.4 (19.8–23.1) | 19.0 (18.3–19.8) | 1.00 (0.92; 1.09) |
BMI category | ||||
Underweight | % | 4.5 (3.7–5.4) | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) | 1.13 (0.94; 1.35) |
Optimal weight | % | 36.2 (34.3–38.1) | 34.6 (33.7–35.5) | Ref |
Overweight | % | 44.6 (42.7–46.6) | 43.6 (42.7–44.6) | 1.02 (0.93; 1.11) |
Obese | % | 16.0 (14.6–17.5) | 19.2 (18.5–20.0) | 0.82 (0.73; 0.92) |
Smoking | ||||
Never | % | 46.4 (44.4–48.4) | 45.8 (44.8–46.7) | Ref |
Former | % | 35.3 (33.5–37.2) | 34.8 (33.9–35.7) | 0.94 (0.85; 1.05) |
Current | % | 19.6 (18.0–21.3) | 20.0 (19.5–21.1) | 0.70 (0.61; 0.81) |
Relative alcohol consumption | ||||
Abstainer or low | % | 48.0 (45.9–50.0) | 50.9 (49.9–51.9) | Ref |
Moderate | % | 36.8 (34.8–38.8) | 37.4 (36.4–38.3) | 0.93 (0.87; 1.01) |
High | % | 15.7 (14.3–17.3) | 12.0 (11.4–12.7) | 1.21 (1.10; 1.33) |
Vigorous physical activity | % | 43.6 (41.6–45.5) | 42.3 (41.4–43.3) | 0.95 (0.86; 1.05) |
Total cholesterol | mmol/L | 5.81 (5.76–5.86) | 6.03 (6.01–6.05) | 0.85 (0.81; 0.88) per 1 mmol/L |
HDL cholesterol | mmol/L | 1.51 (1.49–1.53) | 1.52 (1.51–1.53) | 1.13 (1.00; 1.27) per 1 mmol/L |
Subclinical inflammation | % | 27.1 (25.3–28.9) | 28.1 (27.2–29.0) | 1.02 (0.92; 1.14) |
Serum creatinine | nmol/L | 76.2 (75.5–77.0) | 76.4 (76.0–76.8) | 1.00 (0.98; 1.03) per 10 nmol/L |
Albuminuria | % | 15.2 (13.6–17.0) | 13.3 (12.5–14.1) | 0.93 (0.79; 1.10) |
Hemoglobin | g/dL | 14.13 (14.07–14.18) | 14.16 (14.14–14.19) | 1.06 (0.89; 1.25)a per 1 g/dL |
Biomarkers of iron deficiencyb | ||||
Ferritin | μg/L | 210 (268) | 152 (148) | 1.12 (1.06; 1.18) per 100 μg/L |
Transferrin saturation | % | 27.5 (13.1) | 26.0 (10.6) | 1.13 (1.03; 1.23) per 10 % |
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin | μmol/L | 1.09 (1.17) | 0.93 (0.42) | 1.25 (1.14; 1.38) per 0.5 μmol/L |
Hypertension | ||||
No hypertension | % | 47.0 (45.1–49.0) | 47.0 (46.1–48.0) | Ref |
Known hypertension or systolic blood pressure ≥140 to <160 mmHg | % | 39.8 (37.9–41.7) | 40.2 (39.3–41.1) | 1.02 (0.96; 1.10) |
Systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg | % | 14.2 (12.9–15.7) | 14.0 (13.4–14.7) | 1.03 (0.94; 1.13) |
History of MI or stroke | % | 7.9 (6.9–9.1) | 7.1 (6.6–7.6) | 1.04 (0.87; 1.24) |
Biomarkers of liver functionb | ||||
GGT | U/L | 44.3 (92.9) | 29.9 (40.3) | 1.02 (1.00; 1.04) per 10 U/L |
AST | U/L | 24.7 (18.7) | 22.0 (11.9) | 1.12 (1.00; 1.26) per 10 U/L |
ALT | U/L | 16.0 (13.4) | 14.6 (11.3) | 0.86 (0.75; 0.996) per 10 U/L |