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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of obese subjects by metabolic syndrome
| Variables | Overall | Metabolic syndrome | Non-metabolic syndrome | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 1212 | 781 | 431 | |
| Age, years | 53.3 ± 7.3 | 54.3 ± 7.2 | 51.6 ± 7.2 | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 347 (28.6) | 251 (32.1) | 96 (22.3) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 ± 2.7 | 27.4 ± 2.8 | 26.6 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 93.8 ± 7.2 | 94.7 ± 7.4 | 92.2 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 158 (13.0) | 104 (13.3) | 54 (12.5) | 0.445 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 133.3 ± 17.5 | 139.2 ± 16.4 | 122.6 ± 14.2 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.3 ± 10.6 | 82.3 ± 10.3 | 73.7 ± 8.7 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 1.9 (1.4–2.7) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| LDL- cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.533 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 6.5 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| 2-h glucose, mmol/L | 9.0 ± 4.0 | 9.9 ± 4.4 | 7.2 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.92 (2.10–4.25) | 2.81 (2.04–4.04) | 2.83 (1.84–3.99) | < 0.001 |
| Serum Nrg4, ng/mL | 3.35 (2.47–4.74) | 3.24 (2.40–4.52) | 3.55 (2.60–5.29) | 0.002 |
| Body fat mass, kg | 24.0 ± 5.3 | 24.3 ± 5.4 | 23.5 ± 5.1 | 0.013 |
