Habitual coffee consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity: gene-diet interaction analyses in three US prospective studies

Tiange Wang; Tao Huang; Jae H. Kang; Yan Zheng; Majken K. Jensen; Janey L. Wiggs; Louis R. Pasquale; Charles S. Fuchs; Hannia Campos; Eric B. Rimm; Walter C. Willett; Frank B. Hu; Lu Qi

doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0862-0

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 20,605 participants in the HPFS, NHS, and WHI, according to coffee consumption

From: Habitual coffee consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity: gene-diet interaction analyses in three US prospective studies

Characteristic	Coffee consumption
Characteristic	< 1 cup/day	1–3 cups/day	> 3 cups/day
HPFS^a
Participants, n	2141	1787	1188
Age, year	54.6 ± 9.1	54.8 ± 8.5	53.8 ± 8.0
BMI, kg/m²	25.1 ± 4.9	25.4 ± 4.6	25.8 ± 4.4
Coffee, cups/day	0.40 ± 0.42	2.26 ± 0.55	4.89 ± 1.14
Physical activity, MET-h/wk	20.2 ± 26.5	19.6 ± 23.1	18.1 ± 23.4
AHEI score	53.1 ± 11.9	52.8 ± 11.6	51.5 ± 11.9
Total energy intake, kcal/day	1994 ± 603	2040 ± 616	2114 ± 638
Alcohol, g/day	9.7 ± 14.7	14.4 ± 16.0	14.8 ± 18.5
Current smokers, %	4.6	8.1	16.6
Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day	1.29 ± 1.19	1.16 ± 1.00	0.98 ± 0.90
Genetic risk score	69.3 ± 5.6	69.1 ± 5.5	69.7 ± 5.6
NHS^a
Participants, n	2679	4296	2866
Age, year	53.8 ± 7.0	54.4 ± 6.5	53.8 ± 6.4
BMI, kg/m²	26.3 ± 5.5	25.7 ± 4.9	25.4 ± 4.6
Coffee, cups/day	0.42 ± 0.42	2.23 ± 0.53	4.60 ± 1.09
Physical activity, MET-h/wk	14.0 ± 17.5	14.5 ± 19.7	13.2 ± 16.9
AHEI score	48.8 ± 10.9	49.8 ± 10.3	49.6 ± 10.3
Total energy intake, kcal/day	1735 ± 512	1762 ± 484	1813 ± 506
Alcohol, g/day	4.5 ± 9.3	7.6 ± 11.0	7.7 ± 11.2
Current smokers, %	9.1	15.2	28.4
Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day	1.11 ± 0.96	1.02 ± 0.86	0.85 ± 0.78
Genetic risk score	69.3 ± 5.6	69.5 ± 5.5	69.7 ± 5.5
WHI^a
Participants, n	951	3223	1474
Age, year	68.4 ± 5.9	68.4 ± 5.7	67.2 ± 6.1
BMI, kg/m²	28.9 ± 5.8	28.1 ± 5.4	28.4 ± 5.6
Coffee, cups/day	0.32 ± 0.27	1.89 ± 0.60	4.94 ± 1.51
Physical activity, MET-h/wk	11.9 ± 13.7	11.7 ± 13.1	10.9 ± 12.4
AHEI score	55.7 ± 9.5	56.8 ± 9.8	54.8 ± 10.1
Total energy intake, kcal/day	1413 ± 640	1570 ± 588	1795 ± 747
Alcohol, g/day	3.4 ± 10.4	6.3 ± 11.3	6.9 ± 14.1
Current smokers, %	4.5	6.6	10.9
Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day	0.93 ± 0.98	1.01 ± 1.02	1.04 ± 1.44
Genetic risk score	70.5 ± 5.7	70.4 ± 5.6	71.0 ± 5.4

Plus-minus values are means ± SD
^aBaseline data were from 5116 men in the HPFS (1986), 9841 women in the NHS (1986), and 5648 women in the WHI (1993)
AHEI Alternative Healthy Eating Index, BMI body mass index, MET-h/wk metabolic equivalent of task hours per week

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