Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 20,605 participants in the HPFS, NHS, and WHI, according to coffee consumption
Characteristic | Coffee consumption | ||
|---|---|---|---|
< 1 cup/day | 1–3 cups/day | > 3 cups/day | |
HPFSa | |||
 Participants, n | 2141 | 1787 | 1188 |
 Age, year | 54.6 ± 9.1 | 54.8 ± 8.5 | 53.8 ± 8.0 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 4.6 | 25.8 ± 4.4 |
 Coffee, cups/day | 0.40 ± 0.42 | 2.26 ± 0.55 | 4.89 ± 1.14 |
 Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 20.2 ± 26.5 | 19.6 ± 23.1 | 18.1 ± 23.4 |
 AHEI score | 53.1 ± 11.9 | 52.8 ± 11.6 | 51.5 ± 11.9 |
 Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1994 ± 603 | 2040 ± 616 | 2114 ± 638 |
 Alcohol, g/day | 9.7 ± 14.7 | 14.4 ± 16.0 | 14.8 ± 18.5 |
 Current smokers, % | 4.6 | 8.1 | 16.6 |
 Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day | 1.29 ± 1.19 | 1.16 ± 1.00 | 0.98 ± 0.90 |
 Genetic risk score | 69.3 ± 5.6 | 69.1 ± 5.5 | 69.7 ± 5.6 |
NHSa | |||
 Participants, n | 2679 | 4296 | 2866 |
 Age, year | 53.8 ± 7.0 | 54.4 ± 6.5 | 53.8 ± 6.4 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 5.5 | 25.7 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 4.6 |
 Coffee, cups/day | 0.42 ± 0.42 | 2.23 ± 0.53 | 4.60 ± 1.09 |
 Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 14.0 ± 17.5 | 14.5 ± 19.7 | 13.2 ± 16.9 |
 AHEI score | 48.8 ± 10.9 | 49.8 ± 10.3 | 49.6 ± 10.3 |
 Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1735 ± 512 | 1762 ± 484 | 1813 ± 506 |
 Alcohol, g/day | 4.5 ± 9.3 | 7.6 ± 11.0 | 7.7 ± 11.2 |
 Current smokers, % | 9.1 | 15.2 | 28.4 |
 Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day | 1.11 ± 0.96 | 1.02 ± 0.86 | 0.85 ± 0.78 |
 Genetic risk score | 69.3 ± 5.6 | 69.5 ± 5.5 | 69.7 ± 5.5 |
WHIa | |||
 Participants, n | 951 | 3223 | 1474 |
 Age, year | 68.4 ± 5.9 | 68.4 ± 5.7 | 67.2 ± 6.1 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 28.9 ± 5.8 | 28.1 ± 5.4 | 28.4 ± 5.6 |
 Coffee, cups/day | 0.32 ± 0.27 | 1.89 ± 0.60 | 4.94 ± 1.51 |
 Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 11.9 ± 13.7 | 11.7 ± 13.1 | 10.9 ± 12.4 |
 AHEI score | 55.7 ± 9.5 | 56.8 ± 9.8 | 54.8 ± 10.1 |
 Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1413 ± 640 | 1570 ± 588 | 1795 ± 747 |
 Alcohol, g/day | 3.4 ± 10.4 | 6.3 ± 11.3 | 6.9 ± 14.1 |
 Current smokers, % | 4.5 | 6.6 | 10.9 |
 Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day | 0.93 ± 0.98 | 1.01 ± 1.02 | 1.04 ± 1.44 |
 Genetic risk score | 70.5 ± 5.7 | 70.4 ± 5.6 | 71.0 ± 5.4 |