Table 1 Components of interventions for treatment and control clinics

Integrated IPV and health screening

Women were screened for IPV including emotional, physical, and sexual violence, as part of a general health assessment.

Integrated IPV and health Screening, Supportive Care, Business-sized Referral Card, Booster session at 3 months where the referral card was redistributed.

Supportive care

Nurses were trained to provide non-judgmental and empathetic counseling.

Safety planning and harm reduction counseling

Nurses discussed safety planning measures with women, including escape routes or places of refuge, packing and storing a bag with important belongings, memorizing phone numbers, talking to children about what to do in cases of violence, and staying away from rooms with weapons. Harm reduction counseling included the partners’ use of alcohol and illicit drugs, how to remove weapons, options for protecting reproductive health, such as protecting against unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and other individual-specific health risks.

Supportive referrals

Nurses provided information regarding local and free IPV resources, in accordance with their specific needs. Nurses facilitated access and utilization by either contacting programs together, or by providing women with step-by-step directions. For the latter, nurses provided specific names of staff members at programs as opposed to a generic address. This information was also provided via business-sized referral cards.

Booster counseling sessions at 3 months (T2)

Components of above screening, referral, safety planning and harm reduction were reviewed and redelivered to program participants. Sessions occurred in the clinic during an appointment that was scheduled during T1.