Table 1 Study characteristics
From: Effect of transmission intensity on hotspots and micro-epidemiology of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa
Location | Study description | Sample size (N) | Malaria case definition (symptomatic malaria) | MPF (n/N) | Asymptomatic parasitaemia assessed? | Parasite prevalence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kilifi Kenya [5] | Ngerenya Dispensary Surveillance; monitoring was conducted from 1 April 2014 to 31 December 2015 | 1998 | Any presentation with parasitaemia | 0.048 | No | Not applicable |
Kilifi Kenya [4] | Junju cohort, monitored between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015 | 4534 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.376 | No | Not applicable |
Kilifi Kenya [4] | Ngerenya cohort, monitored between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2015 | 3659 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.043 | No | Not applicable |
Kilifi Kenya [25] | Ganze cross-sectional surveys of asymptomatic parasitaemia and a study cohort monitored for clinical episodes in 2012 and 2013 | 2532 1518a | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.053 | Yes | 1.25 |
Kilifi Kenya [5] | Pingilikani Dispensary Surveillance; monitoring was conducted from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2014. Each year’s data were analysed separately to capture temporal trend in transmission intensity | 22,595 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.243 | No | Not applicable |
Kilifi Kenya [17] | Kilifi County Hospital Surveillance; monitoring conducted from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2014. Each year’s data were analysed separately to capture temporal trends in transmission intensity | 8707 | Any slide positive test result among acute admissions | 0.171 | No | Not applicable |
Kilifi, Kenya [37] | Junju cross-sectional bleeds between 2011 and 2015, each year’s data were analysed separately to capture temporal trends in transmission intensity | 1925 | Not applicable | – | Yes | 16.05 |
Nandi, western Kenya [8] | 10-week active case surveillance study undertaken in three schools in Nandi District, Western Kenya during a malaria outbreak May to July 2002 | 520 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.242 | No | Not applicable |
Western Kenya [7] | Hospital surveillance study conducted between 2001 and 2004 | 599 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.084 | No | Not applicable |
Asembo, Western Kenya [41] | In late 1996, villages in Asembo were randomized into intervention and control villages. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted between 1996 and 2001. Data from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals were analysed separately and by year of enrolment. | 3614 3047a | Measured axillary temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.659 | Yes | 61.9 |
Rural Afigya-Sekyere, Ghana [14] | Cohort of infants monitored by monthly active case detection and passive case detection. Enrolled at 3 months (±4 weeks) of age between January 2003 and September 2005. Treatment and placebo arms were analysed separately | 2721 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >500/μL | 0.413 | No | Not applicable |
Mulanda, eastern Uganda [42] | Cross-sectional study conducted in four contiguous villages in Mulanda, sub-county in Tororo, eastern Uganda between July and December 2008. | 985 | Not applicable | – | Yes | 53.7 |
Uganda [33] | Cohort study of three Uganda sub-counties (Nagongera, Walukuba and Kihihi) between 2011 and 2014 | 3239 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.331 | No | Not applicable |
The Gambia [43] | Cohort study of four Gambian villages (Keneba, Manduar, Jali and Kantong Kunda) between 2009 and 2012 | 3117 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.024 | No | Not applicable |
Mali [44] | Cross-sectional surveys were conducted during the wet and dry seasons and passive case detection in two villages in Mali was conducted between May (Kolle) or July (Sotuba) and December 2009 | 1867 1128a | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.424 | Yes | 15.61 |
Mali [45] | Longitudinal study conducted between May and December 2006. Analysis was restricted to children aged 2-15 years | 695 695a | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.51 | Yes | 21.75 |
Tanzania [46] | Cross-sectional survey conducted between August and November 2010 in northern Tanzania. Analysis was restricted to children <15 years | 328 | Not applicable | – | Yes | 52.23 |
Northern Tanzania [47] | The study was conducted between July 2004 and July 2007. Infants aged 2-4 months randomized to treatment regimens. Treatment and placebo arms were analysed separately | 2300 | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.161 | No | Not applicable |
Saponé district, Burkina Faso [26] | Cluster-randomized study with treatment and control arms. Four cross-sectional surveys were conducted between January 2011 and January 2012: (1) before randomization, (2) at 1 month, (3) at 2 months and (4) at 12 months. Monitoring for symptomatic malaria was conducted passively at local health care facilities during the same study period. Treatment and placebo arms were analysed separately | 4045 11,932a | Temperature >37.5 °C and parasitaemia >2500/μL | 0.707 | Yes | 31.32 |